INFLUENZA
-MANIDEEP ROLL NO 49
INTRODUCTION TO INFLUENZA
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious
respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause
mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death.
The flu can be deadly, especially for young children, older
adults, and people with chronic health conditions.
There are many different strains of the flu virus. The flu
vaccine protects against the strains that are most likely to be
circulating during the current flu season.
Types of Influenza Viruses
There are four main types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D.
Influenza A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal flu
epidemics in humans.
• Influenza C generally causes milder respiratory illness, while
D primarily affects cattle.
Transmission of Influenza
Influenza spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when
an infected person coughs or sneezes.
It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the
virus and then touching the face.
• The virus can survive on surfaces for a few hours, increasing
the risk of transmission.
Symptoms of Influenza
Common symptoms include fever, chills, cough, sore throat,
body aches, and fatigue.
Some individuals may also experience headaches, runny or
stuffy nose, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Symptoms typically appear one to four days after exposure to
the virus.
Diagnosis of Influenza
Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and a physical
examination.
Laboratory tests, such as rapid influenza diagnostic tests
(RIDTs), may be performed for confirmation.
• Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and
preventing the spread of the virus
Treatment Options
Antiviral medications can reduce the duration and severity of
influenza symptoms.
Common antivirals include oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir
(Relenza), and baloxavir (Xofluza).
• Supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and over-the-
counter medications, can help alleviate symptoms.
Prevention Strategies
Annual vaccination is the most effective way to prevent
influenza and its complications.
Good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and covering
coughs and sneezes, are essential.
• Avoiding close contact with sick individuals can also help
reduce the risk of infection.
High-Risk Groups
Certain populations are at higher risk for severe influenza
complications, including the elderly and young children.
Individuals with chronic health conditions, such as asthma or
diabetes, are also at increased risk.
• Pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals
should take extra precautions during flu season.
Impact of Influenza
Influenza leads to significant morbidity and mortality each year
worldwide.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
estimates millions of flu illnesses annually in the U.S.
• The economic burden includes healthcare costs and lost
productivity due to illness
Conclusion and Future Directions
Ongoing research is essential for developing more effective
vaccines and treatments for influenza.
Global surveillance programs help monitor flu strains and
predict seasonal outbreaks.
• Public awareness and education are crucial for improving
vaccination rates and reducing flu impact.
