Fire control
1. Active control
a. Fire detection/ Fire alarm system
b. Fire extinguishing systems
2. Passive control
a. Means of escape
Exit Passageway
Exit Doors
Stairs
Ramps
Refuge floors
Corridor:
User should find exits at every end of the corridor. Closed corridor should not
more than 10 m.
Maximum walking distance should not more than 23 m.
Height of the corridor is minimum 2.4 m.
The size of Corridor according to number of users:
User Width
50 or less than 50 0.9 m
More than 50 1.1 m
More than 150 1.8 m
Exit Passageway Exit doors
doors providing access to streets
doors to stairs and exit passageways
There should be one exit door for every 50
persons.
Minimum width of the door is 1 m & height is 2 m.
The exit door should be side swinging.
The door should be of outer direction if the user
number is more than 50.
Building codes may require the passageway en
closures to have a 2-hr fire rating.
Stair
Width of stairs: Residential:-0.8 to 1 m
Public :- 1.8 to 2 m
Tread : Residential:-220-250 mm
Public:- 250-300mm
Not less than 200mm in any case
Riser : residential:-150-180 mm
Public:- 120-150mm
Not more than 200mm in any case
Pitch :-Should not be more than 38°
Ramp
Exit ramps shall not have a slope greater than
1:12 and shall be constructed of non-slippery
construction materials as prescribed or shall be
constructed in such a manner that the ramp is
not dangerously slippery.
If the slope of the ramp is more than 1: 15,
guard or hand-rail should be provided on both
sides.
Refuge floors
A refuge area is a space protected against fire and smoke. When located within a building, the refuge should be at
about the same level as the areas served and separated from them by construction with at least a 2-hr fire rating.
Access to the refuge areas should be protected by fire doors with a fire rating of 1.5 hr or more.
Protection against Hazards
Protection against earthquakes
• Cross bracing • Shear wall • Base isolators
Historically, base isolation has existed since 550
B.C. When building the Tomb of Cyrus the Great
in Pasargadae (Iran), two foundations were used
to support the structure
Protection against wind load
Structural Reinforcement: Install bracing systems (e.g., cross-bracing, shear walls) and strong connections to
enhance stability.
Foundation Anchoring: Secure the foundation with deep anchors to resist uplift forces.
Material Selection: Use strong, flexible materials to withstand wind-induced stresses.
Protection against water
Waterproofing in Foundations
Damp-Proof Course (DPC
Protection for Roofs
Adequate roof slopes for water drainage (minimum 1:100 for
flat roofs as per BNBC).
Joint geometry
Post lintel
Stair:
Orientation Load distribution
Punch
Dead load and live load Orientation of member
Grid pattern
Lintel
Column
Footing
Ground
SLAB TYPE
Waffle slab
A reinforced-concrete floor and roof Span : Economical range is 17' to 22’. Beam width is
construction employing a square grid of proportional to span of slab, For large span more economical
deep ribs with coffers in the interstices. Span regular grids give strong reference.
up to 14 m and live load up to 7.5 kN/m2
• Span is not less than 14’ in one way
slab
• Span is not more than 30’ in 2:1
rectangular slab
• Economic limit is 15’-20
BEAM TYPE Column Thickness : Column size not less than 10“x10” for BNBC code
Post / Column dimension depends on span
1.Simple Supported Beam
2.One end continuous supported beam
3.Both end continuous supported beam
4. Cantilever beam Cantilever
• Economic limit : 1/3th of the span
• Cantilever should not be less than 5’ in length
• If less than 5’ additional beam should not be needed
Punch For roof
Punched on the slab can be obtained without any disturbance
Punch For Wall
Wall must be placed over a beam, 100% opening in wall surface is possible.
Waffle slab
Beam hanging from landing level
A reinforced-concrete floor and roof construction employing a
Beam hanging from Slab level
square grid of deep ribs with coffers in the interstices. Span up
Beam inverted from Landing level
to 14 m and live load up to 7.5 kN/m2
Grid pattern
Non structural
Structural
Non structural
Punch
Stair is supported by column and beam
