Writing & Contrast

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WRITING
• Essay • Review

• Pesonal/ Formal letter • Proposal

• Article • B1 approximately 100 words

• B2 140-190 words
• Report • C1 220-260 words
Essay
• Structure:
• Short introduction = general comment on the issue.
• Main Body
• Points on the one side (on the one hand, on the other hand, as well as, moreover, however,
furthermore, also, to include, nevertheless).
• Points on the other side + reasons at the end.
• Summing up main points.

• For/Against Essay: as many bulit point in the main body so many paragraphs. In
each paragraph should be FOR&AGAINST statement.
• Opinion Essay: as many specific information should be mentioned in the main body
so many paragraphs + one paragraph including oposite opinion.
 Formal letter

• Ability to write in response to a situation in the question.

• Dear Madam/ Dear Sir/ Dear Sir or Madame + Yours faithfully

• Dear Mr Ross/ Dear Ms Ross + Yours sincerely

 Formal letter
• Give a reason for writing. Say where you heared about the job.
E.g. I am writing to apply for the position of...m as advertised in...; I have alwas taken a keen
interest in...; I keep up to date with there by... following the; I think/ it seems to me/ my
feeling is; I am writing to apply for/ I would like to apply for...

• Sound enthusiastic and confident.

E.g. Although I have not actually... For the last three mounths I have...; I very much enjoy
working with the public, and I can provide excellent references from...
 Formal letter
• Suitable linking expressions.
E.g. in addition to stuing English, I also often...

• Say what you have sent with the letter.

E.g. I have entclosed a full curriculum vitae, and would be happy to answer any further
questions about my application that you may have.

• Polite final sentece.

I look forward hearing from you.
 Personal letter
Structure:
• Opening (separate line, beginn with capital letter, thanks)

E.g. Many thanks for your email, and the kind invitation. Yes I would be delighted to join
you for dinner!
• Short paragraph for each main point.

E.g. I particularly like, would you like to, alternatively, perhaps we could, I really like
• Give a reasons

E.g. I don‘t really mind..., though as; it might be nice to; then head for somewhere else a bit
more exciting later on; what do you think?; If we do that, I‘d suggest having a ...; or maybe we
could...
 Personal letter
• Friendly closing sentence
E.g. But whatever we do, I am sure we will have a fantastic evening out!
• Ending
E.g. See you soon!/ Yours... / All the best/ With love
Article
• An interesting article for an English – language newspaper or
magazine.
• Need to: describe, give opinion, make comments or give examples.
• For readers already interested in the topic; good title to attract the
attention + write lively.
• Structure:
• Title to catch readers attention.
• Intorduction intended to get people reading ( what is it, why woow) /
Direct question encourage readers to continue to the next paragraph (So
what is it?)
Article
• Interesting facts.
E.g. It is known as..., which consists of...; there are many..., including the...

• Personal experiences + range of colourful adjectives.

• Variety of grammatical structures; Ending maked readers think about
what they have read.
E.g. The views we so stunnig that I hardly noticed something...; It was
later..., that I recalled the story of...
Report
• Give factual informations and make recommendation or suggestion.
• Structure:
• Title/Headline
• Paragraph headings/ Subheadings
E.g. Introduction, Main features, Leisure facilities, Conclusion

• Introduction: states the purpose of the report in different words from

the instruction.
E.G The aim of this report is to describe...
Report
• Main features: little known facts (having originally formed part of...),
extreme adjectives (magnificent, gorgeous, delightful...)
• Leisure facilities: points for recomendation + information.
• Conclusion: clear with reasons for recommendation.
E.G I would also recommend that more sporting activities should be made
available...
Review
• Describe and give oppinion of something you have experienced. You have to
make recommendation, or advise people against it.
• Structure:
• Title
• Short description (facts)
• Contrast links (while, on the other hand...)
• Good use of grammar.
E.g. the same cannot be said for; not nearly enough lockers to leave; once the
promissed improvements have been made; rather dirty when I was last there; especialyy
at weekends it can become horribly crowded + additionlinks ( furthermore, in addition)
Review
• On the other hand: in addition; variety o adverbs ( extremly,
dramatically, considerably)
• Recommendation but with conclusion conditions.
E.g. For this reasons, I would recommend going for... Once the promised
improvements have been made, preferably during the week.
Proposal
• 1. Title + Introduction

E.g. The aims of this proposal are to…

• 2. Main content
• Subheading 1 + Paragraph 1: Describe the current situation
• Subheading 2 + Paragraph 2: Describe the current situation

• 3. Final Recommendations: Make your recommendations /persuade the

reader.
 Contrast links
• ASKING FOR REPETITION • GIVING REASONS AND EXPLANATION
• Could you say it again please? • The reason is...
• I‘m sorry, could you repeat that? • (That‘s) because....
• I‘m afraid I didn‘t catch that. • ...so...
• Sorry, what did you say after...? • That‘s to say....
• Pardon? • In other words...
• Sorry? • What I mean is...
• The point I‘m making is...
 Contrast links
• GIVING EXAMPLES • SAYING WHICH PICTURE YOU‘RE
• For example... TALKING ABOUT
• For instance... • The top picture shows...
• Such as... • In the other photo there are...
• Like.... • In the one below it looks as if...
• ...say.... • Both pictures show...
• A case in point is... • In both photos there are...
• A good example of this is....
 Contrast links
• DESCRIBING SIMILARITIES AND • The two situations are completely
DIFFERENCES different because....
• This picture shows...but that one... • The biggest difference between is that
this one shows... but the other one...
• In both pictures there‘s..., though in this
one...
• One difference between the pictures is
that...
• In one respect the pictures are quite
similar because....
 Contrast links
• COMPARING • GIVING YOUR OPINION
• This look for me more... than that. • In my opinion...
• The... In this picture look much more...than those • I‘d say that...
• What‘s happening in this picture is just as...as • Well, I think...
what‘s going there. • It seems to me...
• Doing.... like that isn‘t so... as... • Well, my own feeling is that...
• These people are... a lot more... than those are. • I‘m convinced that...
• On the one hand, on the another hand • My own view is that...
• But=while=whereas=however/although/whilst • The way I feel about it...
• My viewpoint is that...
• If you ask me...
• I believe that...
• If you want my honest opinion
 Contrast links
• ADDING POINTS OF SIMILARITY AND • AGREEING
DIFFERENCE • Right. I agree with that.
• Another similarity/ difference is... • I think so too.
• And something else that‘s different is... • That‘s a great idea!
• Another thing that‘s not quite the same is... • Yes, you are absolutely right.
• They also differ in that... • That‘s just/ exactly what I was thinking.
• They‘re alike in other way in that... • I see your point.
• Exactly! / Absolutely! / Definitely!
• I could not agree more.
• I share your opinion.
 Contrast links
• POLITELY DIAGREEING • I agree up to a point, but....
• Perhaps, but what about...? • I would rather suggest
• I‘m not so sure. Don‘t you think...? • GIVING REASONS FOR DISAGREEING
• I think I‘d rather.... • That‘s because...
• It might be better to... • Well, the thing is...
• I‘m not really that keen on... • The problem with that one is...
• I don‘t really agree. / I‘m afraid I don‘t • The main reason is that...
agree.
• For one thing,.... And for another,....
• That‘s not exactly.../ I don‘t entirely
agree...
• I take a different point, but...
 Contrast links
• KEEPING GOING that.
• Shall we move to the next one? • Let‘s just agree to disagree.
• What about this one?
• Let‘s go to the next one.
• What do you think of this idea?
• How do you feel about that one?
• Right, those are the ones we‘ll choose.
• I don‘t think we agree, so let‘s leave it at
 Contrast links
• REACHING DECISION • ASKING FOR OPINION
• Which do you think would be best? • What do you think?
• Are we both in favour of that one? • Do you agree with that?
• Shall we have these two, then? • What‘s your opinion?
• OK, we‘re agreed. • What are you feeling about this?
• Right, those are the ones we‘ll choose. • How do you feel about it?
• I don‘t think we agree, so let‘s leave it at that. • What do you recon?
• Let‘s just agree to disagree. • What is your point of view?
• How about you? / And you?
• Would you agree/ go along?
 Contrast links
• ASKING FOR REASONS • TRYING TO CHANGE SOMEONES
• Any particular reason? OPINION
• Could you tell me why? • But don‘t you think that...?
• Is that because...? • Yes, but isn‘t it true that...?
• Why do you think so? • Though would you agree that...?
• Yes, but on the other hand....
• But isn‘t it possible that...?
• Perhaps another way of looking at it
would be...
 Contrast links
• INTERRUPTING POLITELY • ADDING POINTS
• Could I say something here? • And another thing is....
• Do you mind, if I add to that? • Apart from that,...
• If I could just make a point here. • As well as that,....
• I‘d just like to say something about that. • Even better,...
• Yes, I‘d like to comment on that. • Just as importantly,...
• Not only that,...
• Then there‘s...
• Worse still,...
• There‘s also the fact that...