Unit One: Hobbies and Crafts

Grammar
INTRODUCTION TO TENSES, ASPECTS, VOICES
 TENSE is the relationship between the form of verb and time of
the action or state the past, present, or future time.
For example, "I study" is in the present tense, "I studied" is in the
past tense, and "I will study" is in the future tense.
 We often use auxiliary verb BE and HAVE with other verbs
when we form different tenses.
 ASPECT is the form of a verb which shows how the meaning of
a verb is in relation to time, typically expressing whether an
action is complete, repeated continuous.
For example, he dances is different from he is dancing in aspect.
different tenses.
 Cont...
 VOICE refers to characteristics of verbs that differentiates
between the subject as performer of the action of the verb
(active voice) and the subject as receiver of the action of the
verb (passive voice).
 The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary (to be + a past
participle) of either a regular or an irregular verb.
 However, the participle can only be formed from a transitive
verb (verbs need objects.)
Tense changes
Simple present tense
 is one of the most common tenses in English because
general sentences that people speak every day is in this
tense. .
 Co
 It refers to the present (now), but also it can refer to all time and
regular time of events that happen (Permanent situations and
habits).
 In positive sentence, all the verbs need to be changed their
form by adding S, ES, IES when we use with third person
singular.
 Negative and Question are used with Auxiliary verb "Do"; with
the third person singular Do becomes Does.
Forms
 Positive Subject+ verb /verb + s /es/ies +...............................
I go to school every day.We rarely meet foreigner
 He always takes exercises in the morning.
 Negative Subject+ do/ does+not+verb1+...................................
I don‘t go to school every day. They don‘t work in the evening.
 Question ( Wh-word) + do/does+ subject+ verb1+. ?

Examples: When does he often go to work?

 Why do they come late?
 Who does she speak English with?
Uses : Present Simple is used to express:
 An action that happens again and again or happens
regularly in the present.
 These actions can be a habit, a hobby, a daily activity.
 we always use (Adverbs of frequency: sometimes, often.
always, never …….)
 and time expressions ―every day/week/month/year; once
/twice a week/month...
 Examples
 I always drink water before going to bed.
 She never talks with strangers.
 He does not study at weekend.
 They don’t play badminton on Sundays.
 Fact which is always true (natural phenomena)
Examples: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
 The earth goes around the sun.
 Fact which is true for a long time
 He is a lawmaker for CPP.
 They teach at Cambridge University.
 Burma is in Southeast Asia

 Cont...
 State
 State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have
a continuous form.
 Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt,
fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer,
seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish....
Examples: We prefer coffee to tea.
 I think of my family.
 They don’t like the blue movies.
 Simple Present for future to express a future event based on
schedule, calendar, timetable, and usually it is used for schools,
airports, stations, TV programs......
 Examples: Our school begins on 10 October 2022.
 The train to London leaves tomorrow at 7:45 am.
 The Concert starts tonight at 6:30 pm
 Cont ...
NB.The future is also expressed with Present Simple subordinate
clause: When, after, before, as soon as, if + present simple+….. ,
future form……..
 Examples: When I get the news, I will inform you.
 Before I leave here, I‘m going to finish my job.
Simple Present Passive
Form
 Positive Subject+ am/ is /are + v3+ ( by agent) +..................
Examples: She is forced to marry a man who she doesn‘t love.
 This room is cleaned everyday by my boyfriend.
 Negative Subject+ am/ is /are + not+ v3+ ( by agent) +.............
Examples: She isn‘t forced to marry a man who she doesn‘t
love. This room is not cleaned everyday by my boyfriend.
 Dara is not encouraged to do silly things
 Cont...
 Question ( Wh-word) + am/ is /are + subject+ v3+ ( by agent)
+........... ?
Examples: Is she forced to marry a man who she doesn‘t love?
 Is this room cleaned everyday by my boyfriend?
 What are they permitted to do today?
Note: Passive sentences move the focus from the subject to the
object of the active sentences.
Active Voice: My sister, Nary usually washes my clothes.
Passive Voice: My clothes are usually washed by my sister, Nary.
 Cont...
 By agents are often omitted in passive sentences it the agent
is unknown or not important.
Examples: The concert is broadcasted on TV on Sundays.
 This room is cleaned every day.
 English is spoken all over the world.
 Present continuous tense
Form
Positive Subject+ am/is/are + v-ing+...
Examples: A lot of Soldiers are living along the border.
 The US president is announcing a new plan to reform the law.
 Many villagers are playing cards under the trees
 Negative Subject+ am/is/are + not + v-ing +...
Examples: We aren‘t speaking English with foreigners.
 He isn‘t watching TV at the moment.
 They aren‘t drinking beer and smoking.
 Question ( Wh-word) + am/is/are + subject+ v-ing +... ?
Examples: Are you telling a lie?
 Is he watching TV at the moment?
Use: Present Continuous is used to express:
 Activity is happening now (at the time of speaking)
Examples: Some students are writing and some are
listening this time.
 That boy is eating noodle with his friends.

 Cont...
 We can also use the present continuous for actions that are
happening around now, or talk about something that is not
finished, even if you are not doing it when you are speaking.
Examples: These days, I am teaching for Apple Tree Centre.
Selam is studying hard for her exams this week.
 I am reading a really interesting book now.
 Temporary activity
 Examples: She is working as babysitter on vacation.
 I am staying with my uncle until I find a flat.
 They are living there until they are called to evacuate.
 Future arrangements
 The present Continuous is used to express personal
arrangements and fixed plans, especially when the time and
place have been decided.
 This tense is used because there is some reality in the
present.
 The event is planned or decided, and we can see it coming.
 The event is usually in the near future.
Examples: I‘m seeing the dentist at 8:30.
 We are meeting Mary tonight in the restaurant.
 He is coming here tomorrow.
 Cont...
 To express Anger, Complaint, Annoyance (when the tone is
high) with always / constantly/ continuously / forever
 Examples: You are always making a mess.
 You are always asking me for money.
 You are always watching TV every time.
Note: Stative Verbs
 Stative, or non-action verbs do not express action.
 They express a state or condition, and usually only occur in
the Present Simple.
 When they do occur in the Present Progressive, there is often
a difference in meaning.
 Some common stative verbs
 Attitudes and Emotions: love, like, hate, dislike, fear
 want, need, prefer, … doubt, care, mind, promise, deny,
concern
 Belief and Knowledge: believe, know, think, feel (= opinion),
hope, doubt, imagine, mean, understand, realize, suppose,
guess,remember, forget, agree, disagree
 Descriptions and measureme: be, appear, look , look like,
seem, resemble, sound, sound like, weigh (have weight),
cost.
 Possession and Relationships: have, own, posses, owe,
belong, depend on, include, contain, consist of.
 Cont...
 Sense: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, ache, hurt, burn, itch, sting.
Examples:
✔He owes me money. ✘He‘s owing me money.
✔They seem happy. ✘They are seeming happy.
✔I forget his name. ✘I‘m forgetting his name.
✔She knows the answer. ✘She is knowing the answer.
 Some verbs can be both stative and active, with a difference in
meaning.
Examples: I think this is delicious (belief)=Present Simple (stative)
We‘re thinking about moving (mental activity) =Present Progressive
(active).
 Cont...
It weighs a ton. (Measurement) I‘m weighing it on the scale (physical
activity)
She has six cats (possession) She‘s having a bad time (experience).
 The verb ― to be is usually stative, but when it‘s used in the
continuous it suggests temporary or atypical behavior.
Examples: Present Simple (stative) Present Progressive (active)
My kids are happy.Present Simple (stative)
My kids are being happy! (Usually they are sad).Present Progressive
(active)
You are stupid (It‘s a part of your personality)Present Simple (stative)
You are being stupid (only now)Present Progressive (active)
He wears nice clothes.(all the time) Present Simple (stative)
He‘s wearing nice clothes now (only now).Present Progressive (active)
 cont...
 Making declarations
Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs
( think , hope, expect, believe,…..)
Examples: I hope you'll come to my party.
 I think that he will call me back soon.
 Present Continuous Passive
Active: Subject + be (is, am, are) + Verb+ -ing + Object"
Passive: is/am/are + being + v3
 Subject+ am/is/are + being +past participle +......
 Examples: I am playing football.
 The students are taking a note.
 Exercise:
Change the verbs in bracket into appropriate form of simple
present and complete the sentences.
1. John usually.................up at 4 o’clock in the morning. (get)
2. They often.................to the movies. (go)
3. The sun.................in the west. (set)
4. Every mother.................her children affectionately. (love)
5. Hilina.................games regularly in the morning. (play)
6. He.................milk before going to bed. (take)
7. Those who.........always succeed. (try)
8. Birds usually.................nests in the trees. (make)
 Cont...
 Negative Sentences= Subject + is/am/are + not + V1 +
(ing).....
Example: I am not reading a book.
Ram is not playing in the field.
They are not playing tennis.
 Interrogative Sentences, the Pattern is – Is/Am/Are + Subject
+ V1 + (ing)...... ?
Examples: Are the students taking notes?
Is the cottage being built by your uncle? (P)
 Why is she being encouraged to study at night?(P)
 What are you being forced to do? (P)
 Where are they being detained?(P)
 Exercises

Change the verbs in bracket into appropriate form of present

continuous and complete the sentences.
1. My father wears T-shirt daily, but he........a white suit today.
(wear)
2. She..........in her bed now. (sleep)
3. The sun..........behind the clouds now. (hide)
4. Suresh..........a lot these days. (earn)
5. The Education Minister..........this place next week. (visit)
6. She..........clothes at this time. (wash)
7. My younger brothers..........a factory these days. (run)
 Examples:

Active Voice: Linda is writing a grammar book at the

moment.
Passive Voice: A grammar book is being written by Linda at
the moment.
Active Voice: A mechanic is repairing my car.
Passive Voice: My car is being repaired by a mechanic.
 Present perfect tense -Active and passive forms
Use
Explains the incident that happened in the past and that
continues until the present time.
Structure:
Active: has/have + v3 Passive: has/have + been + v3
 Affirmative (Positive)= Subject + has/have + V3 .......
Examples: He has killed a snake. I have sent a letter to him.
They have learnt all the lessons.
 Negative Sentences=Subject + has/have + not + V3 .......
Examples:Selam has not sung the song.
They have not sold the horse.
We have not seen our teacher.
 cont...
Rule: in negative sentences 'not' is used after helping verb
'has/have'.
 Interrogative Sentences=Has/Have + Subject +V3 .......?
Examples: Has he sold his cow?
Have you learnt your lesson?
Exercise: Put the verbs into the correct form of
Present Perfect.
1. I .......................... (not work) today.
2. We .......................... (buy) a new lamp.
3. We .......................... (not plan) our holiday yet.
4. Where .......................... you ......................(be) today?
5. He .......................... (write) five letters.
6. She .......................... (not see) him for a long time.
7. .......................... you .......................... (be) at school?
 Answers

Here are the completed sentences with the verbs in the present
continuous form.
1. My father wears a T-shirt daily, but he is wearing a white suit
today.
2. She is sleeping in her bed now.
3. The sun is hiding behind the clouds now.
4. Suresh is earning a lot these days.
5. The Education Minister is visiting this place next week.
6. She is washing clothes at this time.
7. My younger brothers are running a factory these days.
 More Examples
Active Voice: Her boss has forced her to leave her job.
Passive Voice: She has been forced to leave her job.
Active Voice: Abel has told his girlfriend already about his secret.
Passive Voice: His girlfriend has already been told by Abel about
his secret.
Simple Future tense
 This tense is used for those sentences which refer to the
actions which will occur later, in future.
 This requires a future tense auxiliary verb even though the
verb would be unmarked.
 It is useful to make future predictions and promises.
 Cont...
Examples: I am being accused of destroying his reputation.
 The room is being cleaned at the moment.
 Our house is being decorated right now.

 Simple Future
Structure:
Active: will/shall + v1
Passive: will/shall + be + v3
 Negative Sentences=Subject + will/shall +not + V1 .......
Examples: I shall not go to school tomorrow.
The boys will not sleep in the day.
 Interrogative Sentences=Will/Shall + Subject + V1 ....... ?
Examples:Will he give you some pens?
Shall we eat mangoes?
Will your brother not come tomorrow?
 Exercises
Exercise: Fill in the blanks with Present Continuous or Simple
Future
1. I .................... (not reply) you unless you write to me.
2. I ....................(wait) here until she comes back.
3. If you don't work hard you .................... (not pass) this year.
4. Our class .................... (play) a friendly football match next
Sunday.
5. My mother .................... (come) on Monday.
6. She .................... (go) again next Monday.
7. He .................... (know) about it tonight.
 Answers

Here are the sentences filled in with the appropriate verb forms:
1. I will not reply to you unless you write to me.
2. I am waiting here until she comes back.
3. If you don't work hard, you will not pass this year.
4. Our class is playing a friendly football match next Sunday.
5. My mother is coming on Monday.
6. She is going again next Monday.
7. He will know about it tonight
 Verb forms
 English verbs have five basic forms: the base form, the - S
form, the - ing form, the past form, and the past participle
form.
 There are two types of past forms as regular and irregular
verbs.
 The past form of regular verbs ends in - d, - ed, or - ied.
 Regular verbs are predictable:
 For regular verbs, normally add -ed.
Base form Past simple
work worked
walk walked
kill killed
 Verbs that end in e just add d.
Base form Past simple
close closed
receive received
hate hated
 One syllable verbs that end in one vowel and one
consonant double the final consonant and then add ed.
Examples:
Base form Past simple
stop stopped
rob robbed
plan planned
chop chopped
 Cont...
Note: Verbs that end with w, x, and y, not double consonant
Bas form Past simple
play played
enjoy enjoyed
fix fixed
flow flowed
 Verbs that end in -y
A). When a verb ends in - y after a consonant , change y to i and
then add ed
Base form Past simple
try tried
fry fried
study studied
 cont...
B).When a verb that ends in -y after a vowel, just add ed
Base form Past simple
play played
delay delayed
destroy destroyed
 For two syllable verbs
A). If the verbs stress on 1st syllable, just add ed.
Base form Past simple
answer answered
offer offered
develop developed
 Cont...
B). If the verbs stressed on 2nd syllable, double the consonant and
then add ed.
Base form Past simple
control controlled
refer referred
permit permitted
regret regretted
 If the verbs ends in [c ], we have to add [ k ] before adding -ed
Present [V1] Past simple [V2]
picnic picnicked
traffic trafficked
 Irregular verbs
 Irregular verbs do not use ‐ed and are not predictable.
 The simple past and past participle forms must simply be
learned.
 If you are unsure what the correct form is, dictionaries will
provide these forms under the entry for the infinitive of the
verb.
Base form Past simple
be was, were
become became
cut cut
do did
dream dreamt, dreamed
read read
 Asking questions
 In English, information questions depend on using specific
words these are what we call WH question words.
 We have nine WH question words: what, when, where,
which, who, why, whom, whose, and how.
 Some questions are formed with adverbs.
 These ask for information about time, place, reason, or
manner like: when, where, why, and how.
 Adverbs describe a verb or an adjective.
 Example: where did you read that? In this sentence, where is
asking from what source did the information come.
 Other questions are formed with pronouns. These
ask about people or things.
 They are five: what, which, who, whom, and whose.
 How they are formed?
Basically,Wh-” Question Words are formed:
[“Wh-” Question Word/Phrase] + [Auxiliary
Verb] + [Subject] + [Main Verb] + [Object or
Other Information] +?
 Use and Explanations
 What
We use what‘ to ask for specific information about something.
Examples .What is your mother‘s name? Her name is Lisa.
 What time is it? It‘s half past four.
 When
When‘ is used to ask questions about time.
Examples. When will Julie arrive at the airport? She will arrive
around 1 p.m.
 When can I pick you up from school? I will be ready at 3 p.m.
Where
We use where‘ to ask something about a place or the position of
something.
Examples .
 Where is my phone? I think it‘s on the table.
 Where is Paris? Paris is located in France.

 Cont...
 Which
We will use which‘ whenever we have options to choose from.
Examples .Which Harry Potter character is your favorite?
Hermione is my favorite!
 Which do you prefer: the red coat or the brown one? I prefer
the brown one.
 Who
Who‘ is used to ask questions about someone who is the subject
of a sentence, that is, someone who does an action.
Examples.Who is that guy? Oh, that‘s Adam. He‘s a friend of
mine.
 Who are you visiting this weekend? I‘m visiting my grandma.
 Who is your best friend? My best friend is Desta
 Cont...
 Whom
Whom‘ is used to ask questions about someone who is the
object of a sentence, that is, someone who receives an action.
Examples. Whom do you believe? I believe in Tom.
 Whom are you going to invite? I am going to invite Sami and
Selam.
 Whose
We use whose‘ to ask questions about something that belongs
to someone.
Examples.
 Whose car is this? I think it is John‘s car.
 Whose umbrella did you take? I took my sister‘s umbrella.
 Whose book is this? It‘s Abera‘s book.
 Cont...
 Why
Why‘ is used to ask about a reason, an explanation.
 It is common to answer a why‘ question with because‘.
Examples. Why are you sad? Because I‘m having some
problems at home. Don‘t worry!
 Why is she traveling alone? Because her husband is sick.
 How
How‘ is used to ask about manner, condition, or quality.
  How far: ask about distance
Examples. How far is your hometown? Not very far, it‘s about 50
km from here.
  How long: ask about length (time or space)
Examples. How long have you been dating Taylor? We have
been dating for two months
 Cont...
 How many: ask about the quantity of countable nouns
Examples. How many books do you have? I guess I have about
100 books.
 How much: ask about the quantity of uncountable nouns.
Examples. How much coffee did you make? There‘s enough for
two cups.
 How old: ask about age
Examples. How old is your brother? He is 21 years old.
 'Wh' questions for tenses with 'do / does / did':
 Direct and indirect form of WHs

Direct: How long has she been living here?

Indirect: Can you tell me how long she has been living here?
Direct: What were you doing at 3pm?
Indirect: Can you tell me what you were doing at 3pm?
Direct: Where has Lucy been?
Indirect: Can you tell me where Lucy has been?
 Sometimes you want to make an indirect 'wh' question using
the present simple of any verb except 'be' or the past simple
of any verb except 'be'.
 Usually these tenses make questions by using 'do / does /
did'.
 Cont...
 However, when we want to make indirect 'wh' questions using
these tenses, we do not need 'do /
does / did'.
 Instead, we use a question word and then normal positive
sentence word order.
Examples. Present simple with any verb except 'be'
Direct:Where does David live?
Indirect: Can you tell me where David lives?
Past simple with any verb except 'be'
Direct: Why did Amanda call John yesterday?
Indirect:Can you tell me why Amanda called John yesterday?
 Yes/No questions
 Yes / No questions are the questions which are answered yes
or no.
 It means when we are asking yes/no questions, we are
expecting the answer, yes or no.
 To form Yes/No questions, we use one of these verbs:
auxiliary verbs (be, do and have ) or modal verbs ( can, may,
etc.).
 The basic structure for yes/no questions is:
[Auxiliary Verb] + [Subject] + [Main Verb] + [Object or Other
Information] +?
 Questions and Short & Long Answers
 Yes + Subject + Auxiliary Verb ( + … )
 No + Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Not ( + …. )
Question Answer ( Short -Long )
Am I sympathetic? Yes. / Yes, you are. / Yes, you are
sympathetic.
Is she coming? No. / No, she isn‘t. / No, she isn‘t
coming.
Are they married? Yes. / Yes, they are. / Yes, they are
married.
Sentence: I put the keys on the table.
Question: Do I put the keys on the table?
Sentence: She gets up early in mornings.
Question: Does she get up early in mornings?
Question:Did we visit our relatives?
Answer: Yes./ Yes, we did. / Yes, we visited our relatives.
 Cont...
 ATTENTION:1. If we use have as a main verb in a sentence,
we use do as an auxiliary verb to make negative and question
sentences.
Examples: I have a car. ( have is a main verb positive sentence )
 I don‘t have a car. (sentence in negative )
 Do I have a car? ( we use do as an auxiliary verb to make the
sentence in question)
 A tag question
 A tag question is a special construction in English.
 It is a statement followed by a mini-question
 We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. They
mean something like: "Is that right?" or "Do you
agree?"
The basic structure of a tag question is:
 Positive statment= Negative tag
Example: snow is white, isn’t it?
 Negative statment= positive tag
Example: you don’t like me, do you?
 Cont...
 Notice that the tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or
main verb when be) from the statement and
changes it to negative or positive .
 Positive statment tag questions
Examples: You are coming, aren’t you?
They will help, won’t they?
John was there, wasn’t he?
 Negative statment tag qusetions
Examples: They won’t report us, will they?
 The statements and tags should be in the same
tense.
 Cont...
A quesnswer a tagtion according to the truth of the situation.
Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the
question.
Example: Snow is white, isn't it? Yes (it is). Answer is same in
both cases - because snow is white!
Tag Question Special Cases
Negative adverbs
The adverbs never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely
have a negative sense. Even though they
may be in a positive statement, the feeling of the statement is
negative
 Cont...
Examples: He never came again, did he?
She can rarely come these days, can she?
You hardly ever came late, did you?
I barely know you, do I?
 If there is no auxiliary in the statement, you should use the
form of the verb “to do” that matches the tense in the
statement in the tag.
For example:
 You like pizza, don’t you?
 His uncle works in the airport, doesn’t he?
 Cont...
You went to Jimma last year, didn’t you?
We have not studied tag questions yet, have we?
Imperatives
 Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations,
orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does
not require a direct answer.
 We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for
orders.
Imperative + question tag notes
Take a seat, won't you? polite invitation
Help me, can you? quite friendly
 .
 Although the basic structure of tag questions is positive-
negative or negative-positive, it is sometimes
possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure.
 We use same-question tags to express interest, surprise, anger
etc, and not to make real questions.
 Positive-positive tag questions:
 So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!
 She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
 So you think that's funny, do you? Think again.
 Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile
 Examples: So you don't like my looks, don't you? (British
English)
 Some more special cases
Example notes
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven't I? use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post, did it?
 Treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative
statements
Let's go, shall we? let's = let us
 Reading techniques
Some of reading techniques and the corresponding types of activities
to develop the corresponding reading skills.
 Scanning Skimmig Intensive reading (study reading)
Extensive reading
 Is a mode of fast reading which is used to seek specific
information (e.g. name, place, date, symbol, number, statistics,
etc.) of what a is about.
 The technique you use when you are using authentic materials
that are commonly scanned in real life, such as the telephone
directory, menus, bus schedules.
 Scanning is a practical strategy that enhances productivity and
effectiveness in information processing, making it essential for
academic, professional, and everyday reading tasks.
 Skimming
 Is a mode of fast reading which is used to seek general
information (main idea) of what a text is about.
 It is reading for gist.
 skimming is a valuable reading strategy that enhances
productivity and comprehension in various contexts, such as
academic studies, professional settings, and casual reading.
 The technique you use when the reader looks quickly at the
contents page of a book, or at the chapter headings, sub-
headings, etc.
 Glancing quickly through a newspaper to see what the main ideas of
the day are.
 Intensive reading (study reading)
Intensive is a way of reading shorter texts to get detailed
information from the text.
 In this careful reading, you may find it helpful to skim
first, to get a general idea, but then go back to read in
detail.
 Is a vital strategy for anyone looking to deepen their
understanding of complex materials, improve language
skills, and engage critically with texts.
Example: a job advertisement
 Extensive reading
 Is a way of reading longer texts for pleasure. It is usually
done independently and not in the classroom.
 The technique you use when you're going through a novel
that you are enjoying.
 Is a valuable practice that not only enhances language skills
but also promotes a lifelong love of reading and learning.
Vocabulary in context
Use Context Clues
 Context refers to the parts of a piece of writing, speech, etc.,
that precede and follow a word or passage and contribute to
its full meaning.
 Context clues are words and phrases in a sentence which
help you reason out the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
 Which one to use?
For students reading for exams, intensive reading is generally
the most important technique. Here’s why:
 Deep Understanding: Intensive reading allows students to
thoroughly comprehend complex concepts, critical for
grasping the material needed for exams.
 Critical Analysis: This technique encourages students to
analyze and evaluate arguments, which is essential for
answering higher-level exam questions.
 Retention of Information: Engaging deeply with the text
helps improve memory retention, making it easier to recall
information during exams.
 Cont.

 Detailed Note-Taking: Intensive reading facilitates effective note-

taking, as students can identify key points, examples, and details
that may be relevant to exam questions.
 Preparation for Different Question Types: It equips students to
handle various question types, including multiple-choice, short
answer, and essay questions, which often require a deep
understanding of the material.
While skimming and scanning can be useful for quickly locating
information or reviewing important points, intensive reading is crucial
for mastering the content and performing well in exams.
 Types of Clues
 Antonym or Contrast Clue: This type of clue helps us to guess
the meaning of unfamiliar word through phrases or words in the
sentence that indicate opposite.
Signals: but, in contrast, however, instead of, unlike, yet
Example: Abebe is a hardworking person in his work, but he is
extravagant in managing his money.
 Definition or Example Clue: Phrases or words that define or
explain the unfamiliar word are used in the sentence.
Signals: is defined as, means, the term, [a term in boldface or
italics] set off with commas.
Example.Livestock animals such as cow, ox, horse, donkey and
mile are important for human beings live.
 Restatement or Synonym Clue
 Another word or phrase with the same or a similar meaning is
used in the sentence which helps us to figure out the meaning.
Signals: in other word, that is, also known as, sometimes called,
or.
Example: Arrogant people in other word impolite people are not
well discipline.
Unit Two: Moral Education and Personal
Responsibility
Grammar: Simple past tense
Form
 Positive Subject+ verb ( past tense)+............
Examples: I walked to supermarket yesterday.
 We spoke with foreigners last week.
 Negative Subject+ did + not + verb ( base form) +.......
Examples: I didn‘t walk to supermarket yesterday.
 We didn‘t speak English with foreigners last week.
 Question ( Wh-word) + did+ subject+ verb (base form) +.... ?
Examples: Did I make a lot of noises last night?
 Did she work as a supervisor here in 2011?
 Uses

Simple Past is used to express:

 A finished action in the past, usually used with the time expressions
(to narrate): yesterday, last night, in 2012, last year...
 Examples: I didn‘t watch TV last night.
 We went to school yesterday.
 A Series of Completed Actions past. These actions happened 1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples: I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice
place to swim.
He left from the airport at 8:00, took bus to the hotel at 9:00, and
stayed there at 10:00 with other passengers.

 Cont...
 Duration in the past action started in the past and sopped in
the past.
 Duration is longer action often indicated by expressions such
as for two years, all the year…
Examples: They sat at the beach all day.
 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
They worked as a manager for two years.
 Habits in the past has the meaning with the “used to” with
expressions such as always, often, …
Examples: When I was child, I studied French
 They never went to schools; they always skipped class.
 Past facts for generalizations
Examples:She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn’t like tomato before.
 Cont...
 Used together with past progressive for interruption of
actions which was in progress in the past.
Examples:They were playing cards when the telephone.
 As part of second conditionals
Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in A.A.
Past Continuous tense
Form
 Positive Subject+ was/ were+ present participle+........
Examples: I was walking to supermarket at 8 o‘clock
yesterday.
 They were watching football match on TV.
 Negative Subject+ was/ were + not+ present participle +.......
Examples: He wasn‘t travelling to Phnom Penh when I called
him.
 This time last week we weren‘t studying English.
 Cont...

 Question ( Wh-word) + was/ were + subject+ present participle

+. ......... ?
Examples:Where were you reading when I called you last night?
 Was Mary making breakfast when her husband left home?
Use: Past Continuous is used to express
 An activity in progress at the specific time in the past
 Examples: What were you doing at 7 pm yesterday?
Yesterday, I was reading a book.
 Activity happening at the same time in the past (While + past
continuous, past continuous)
 Examples: While I was reading, my little brother was playing
computer game.
 While they were working at the garden, I was cooking in the
kitchen.

 Cont...
 An interrupted past activity, an incomplete activity in the past.
When+pastsimple,past continuous
While+pastcontinuous,pastsimple
Examples: While I was watching television, the electricity cut off.
 While I was reading newspaper, the wind blew it away.
 I was playing in the field when it started raining.
 Past continuous is used to say that an action in the past
was temporary.
Examples: You were working in the Sales Department last
month, weren’t you?
 They were living in Paris for a year.
 Cont...
 Incomplete activity in contrast with past simple
 I was painting the kitchen yesterday. (incompleted)
 I painted the kitchen yesterday. (complete)
 Past continuous is used with words such as always to talk
about things that happened repeatedly.
Examples: Grandpa was always telling us funny stories about
his life and cracking jokes.
Past Perfect Tense
Form
 Positive Subject+ had + past participle +...............................
Examples: The plants died because we had forgotten to water
them.
 When I returned with his camera, the birds had flown away.
 Cont...
 Negative Subject+ had + not +past participle +..........
 Examples: When I returned with his camera, the birds had
not flown away.
I was hungry because I hadn‘t had breakfast.
 Question ( Wh-word) + had + subject+past participle+… ......?
Past Perfect Simple is used
 To emphasize an action which is completed before another
action or time in the past.
Examples: After the program had started, the guests started
fighting.
 When I had taken the tablet, I felt better
 Cont..
.
 Duration before something in the past (non-continuous verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of
Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something
started in the past and continued up until another action in the
past.
Examples: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for
over eight year.
 Importance specific times with the past perfect
Example:
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she
moved in with them in 1996.
 Cont...
MOREOVER
 If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the
Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when
"before" or "after" is used in the sentence.
 The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what
happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional.
Examples: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in
1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
 Cont..
.
Note: We can use because , after, when , as soon as, before
‘with Past Perfect and Past Simple.
  Past Simple + after + Past Perfect

 She went home right away after she had finished her work.
 After we had bought a car, we felt very happy.
 I went to bed after I had had a bath last night.
 Past Simple + because + Past Perfect
 Because he had overslept, he missed the bus.
  Past Perfect + before + Past Simple
 Before Selam went to the AA, he had already studied English
for four years.
 Cont...
Past Perfect Continuous
I. Form
 Positive Subject+ had + been + present participle +.........
Examples: I was very tired when I got home because I had
been working hard all day.
 We had been playing football for an hour when it started to
rain heavily.
 Negative Subject+ had + not + been + present participle +....
 Examples: We had not been playing football when it started
to rain heavily.
 Police hadn‘t been investigating the case
 Cont...
 Question ( Wh-word) + had + subject+ been+participle+... ?
Examples: Had you been working hard all day?
  Had Hongly been saving money to marry her?
Use
 Past Perfect Continuous is used to express an activity that
had been happening for a period of time before something
else happened in the past.
 Emphasize the duration of an activity.
Examples: When I arrived home at 7: 30, my niece had been
sleeping for an hour.
 We had been walking for 3 days when we saw the mountain.

 Future Simple
I. Form
 Positive 1. Subject+ will + infinitive (without to) +.......
2. Subject+ am/ is / are + going + to infinitive +......
Examples: She will leave here now.
They are going to get married next year.
 I am going to live in Australia next month.
 Negative 1. Subject+ will + not + infinitive (without to) +.......
2. Subject+ am/ is / are + not + going + to infinitive +.....
Examples: They won‘t lend us any more money.
 I am not going to move to Paris
 They aren‘t going to get married next year.
Q
 Cont...
 Question1.(Wh-word)+ will + subject+ infinitive (without to)
+... ?
2. (Wh-word)+ am/ is / are+ subject+ + going + to infinitive +…
Examples: Will you give me a lift home?
 Are they going to visit Adama next month?
 Is she going to have a party next two week?
Use
1). Will: (The most common use of will is as an auxiliary very to
show future time .
 It expresses a future fact or prediction at some time in the
future this event will happen.
 Will is used to express the ideas such as intention, decision,
arrangement, willingness, etc.
 Cont...
 Will‖ is used to express:
a). Instant decision /intention made at the moment of speaking).
Examples:  A. I don‘t know what to cook for dinner.
B. Why don‘t you cook chicken soup?
A. Oh, that‘s good ideas! I will go to market now.
 A. The black is ten dollars, but the white is only five.
B. Really, I will buy the black.
A. Can I have your phone number?
B. O.K, I‘ll give you a name card.
 Cont...
b). Future Prediction (100% based on personal feeling or
opinion of speaker.)
 Will using for a prediction can be based more on an opinion
than fact or evidence.
 It is often found with expressions such as: I think…, I hope..,
I‘m sure….
 Examples: I think Labor will win the next election.
I hope you will come and visit me.
 I‘m sure he will pass his exam
 Promise, threat, willingness, determination.
Examples: I‘ll love you forever, Theavy.( promise)
I‘ll tell your mother if you skip the class .( threat )
 I‘ll give you a lift home. Don‘t worry. (Willingness).
 I‘ll pass my exam next year. (Determination).
 Going to
 Going to is used to express:
a). Future Plan, decision or intention made before the moment of
speaking.
 Examples: A: Why are you wearing so nice suit?
B. I’m going to interview.
b). Future prediction (100% based on present evidence, the near
future).
 Be going to is used to predict future events that are very near
(and can be seen) or seem sure to happen and predictions are
based on present evidence:
 Examples: (Man United 3.0 Everton): Manchester United is
going to win in the this match.
 (Dark, windy and lightning): Look at the clouds; it's going to rain.
 Note: Future phrases
 When we often use phrases with a future meaning to talk
about future rather than a future verb form.
 Normally, these phrases are used in spoken English.
1. Middle action future. [Be ready+ to infinitive+ (adverbs of time
in the future)]
 This form is to express something in a half that someone has
not completed yet.
Examples: I am ready to see you about ten minutes more.
 We are ready to leave.
 Cont...
2. Be about + to infinitive/ (be on the point of /to be on verge of) +
verb-ing…
 “Be about + to-infinitive is used to talk about something that is
going to happen very soon or refers to arranged actions that
happen in the immediate future.
 Examples: It‘s not a good time to talk. I‘m about to go into the
meeting.
 Hurry up! The ceremony is about to begin!
3. Be + to infinitive
 Be +to infinitive is to express about the important events which
are usually organized for high-ranking person. This is a
common form in news reports.
 The Prime Minister, Hun Sen is to visit Pakistan early next year.
 The conference is to discuss about Nuclear Tests.
 The US President, Trump is to visit Ethiopia early next month.
 Cont...
4. (Be likely / be unlikely) +to infinitive.
This is very common form for making predictions.
 Examples: Mass space travel is likely to become a reality.
 It is unlikely to happen.
 Be likely + to-infinitive and it is likely + that-clause are used for
future events which are probably going to happen:
 Examples: Smokers are more likely to develop lung cancer compared
to non-smokers.
 It is likely that he will win the race.
 Cont..
5. Be due to
.
 Be due to is used to refer to fixed events happening at a
specific time
Examples:The game is due to start at 8:30 pm. (be scheduled
to).
 The meeting is due to prepare three days more.
 The film is due to start at 8 pm.
 Be bound +to infinitive
This form is used when someone is sure something will happen
or refer to future events which are certain or very likely to
happen.
 Carly is bound to be late. He always is.
 Kevin is stuck in a traffic jam, so he is bound to be late.
 Cont..
.
 Be set +to infinitive
Be set +to infinitive is used when something is likely to happen.
Examples: This form is also common in news reports.
 This issue is set to cause some embarrassment.
Future Continuous
I. Form
 Positive Subject+ will + be+ present participle + .......
Examples: This time tomorrow, I will be joining the workshop.
 She will be cooking dinner at 6 this evening.
 Negative Subject+ will + not + be+ present participle +........
Examples: This time tomorrow, I will not be joining the
workshop.
 She won‘t be cooking dinner at 6 this evening.
 Cont..
.
 Question ( Wh-word) + will + subject+ be+ present participle +...
?
Examples: This time tomorrow , will you be joining the workshop?
 Will she be cooking dinner at 6 this evening?
Use
Future Continuous is used to express:
[A]. An activity will be happening at specific time in the future.
 Examples: This time tomorrow, I‘ll be learning English.
 Don‘t phone me after 10 pm, I‘ll be sleeping then
[B]. In contrast with the simple future which expresses decision,
willingness or promise.
 Examples: I‘ll be helping him tomorrow.
 She‘ll be smiling when I meet her again.
 Future Perfect
I. Form
 Positive Subject+ will + have+ past participle + ....
Examples: She‘ll have done all her homework by this evening.
 Don‘t phone me after 12 because I will have gone to bed by
then.
 Negative Subject+ will + not + have + past participle +.......
Examples: She won‘t have done all her homework by this
evening.
 Call me at 12 tonight, I will not have gone to bed by then.
 Question ( Wh-word) + will + subject+ have + past participle
+... ?
Examples:Will she have done all her homework by this evening?
 Will he have built his house by the time next year?
 cont...
Use
 Future perfect simple is used to express an action which will
be completed before another action or time in the future. It is
not very common verb form.
 Adverbs of time
By+ phrase
By +the time +clause
When+ clause
 Examples: We will have finished the reports by Friday.
 By the time they arrive here, we will have reached the
destination
 Cont...
Future Prefect Continuous
I. Form
 Positive Subject+ will + have+ been+ present participle + .......
Examples: We‘ll have been living here for 20 years by the end of
the year.
 By the time her new toys arrive, Jane will have been waiting for
3 months
 Negative Subject+ will + not + have+ been + present participle
+...
Examples: We‘ll not have been living here for 20 years by the end
of the year.
 By the time her new toys arrive, Jane will not have been
waiting for 3 months.
 Cont...
 Question ( Wh-word) + will + subject+ have+ been+ present
participle +. ............. ?
Examples: Will she have been living here for 20 years by the
end of the year?
 By the time her mum arrives, will Sopha have been doing
housework for 3 house?
Use:
 Future perfect continuous is used to emphasize the duration
of an activity before another action or time in the future.
Note: In English, the Future perfect continuous is rarely used
both in writing and speaking.

 Cont...
Adverbs of time
A. By+ phrase
B. By +the time +clause
C.When+ clause
 The baby will have been sleeping for two hours by the time
her father comes back
home tonight or by 9 o‘clock.
 We‘ll have been living here for 20 years by the end of the
year.