UNIT – 1

ITAB
Components of Computer
INPUT UNIT

• Computer receives data and instructions through the Input Unit.

• The input unit consists of one or more input devices.
• Input devices include:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Scanner
FUNCTIONS OF INPUT UNIT

• Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.

• Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
• Supply the converted data to the computer system for further
processing.
OUTPUT UNIT

• Computer provides information and results of computation to the

outside world through the Output Unit.
• The output unit consists of one or more output devices.
• Output devices include:
Monitor
Printer
Scanner
Webcam
Speakers
FUNCTIONS OF OUTPUT UNIT

• Accept the results produced by the computer. (These are in a coded

form.)
• Convert it to a form that the outside world can understand. (OR,
Converts it into human readable form.)
• Supply the converted results to the outside world.
CPU

• It is the brain of the computer.

• The ALU and the Control Unit (CU) of a computer system are jointly
known as the central processing unit.
• CPU performs actual processing of data, according to instructions
from programs
FUNCTIONS OF CPU

• It performs all calculations.

• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
CONTROL UNIT

• It controls all other units in the computer.

• It is the central nervous system of the computer that controls and
synchronizes its working.
 ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT

• All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of

the computer
• It performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division).
• It performs all logic operations
STORAGE

• The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions

that are entered through the input unit, before they are
processed
• Storage devices are divided into two
categories:
• Primary storage or Primary memory or
Main memory
• Secondary storage or Secondary memory
STORAGE FUNCTIONS

• It received the data and instructions required for processing from the
input unit.
• It stores the intermediate results.
• It stores the final results before these results are released to the
output unit.
• It saves data for later use.
Components of IT System

• An Information system is a combination of hardware and software

and telecommunication networks that people build to collect, create
and distribute useful data, typically in an organization. It defines the
flow of information within the system. The objective of an
information system is to provide appropriate information to the user,
to gather the data, process the data and communicate information to
the user of the system.
Components of IT System
• 1. Computer Hardware:
Physical equipment used for input, output and processing. The hardware
structure depends upon the type and size of the organization. It consists
of an input and an output device, operating system, processor, and
media devices. This also includes computer peripheral devices.
• 2. Computer Software:
The programs/ application program used to control and coordinate the
hardware components. It is used for analysing and processing of the
data. These programs include a set of instruction used for processing
information.

Software is further classified into 3 types:

System Software
• Application Software
• Procedures
• 3. Databases:
Data are the raw facts and figures that are unorganized that are later
processed to generate information. Softwares are used for organizing and
serving data to the user, managing physical storage of media and virtual
resources. As the hardware can’t work without software the same as
software needs data for processing. Data are managed using Database
management system.
Database software is used for efficient access for required data, and to
manage knowledge bases.
• 4. Network:
Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks
like the intranet, extranet and the internet.
• These resources facilitate the flow of information in the
organization.
• Networks consists of both the physicals devices such as
networks cards, routers, hubs and cables and software such as
operating systems, web servers, data servers and application
servers.
• Telecommunications networks consist of computers,
communications processors, and other devices interconnected
by communications media and controlled by software.
• Networks include communication media, and Network Support.
• 5. Human Resources:
It is associated with the manpower required to run and manage the
system. People are the end user of the information system, end-user use
information produced for their own purpose, the main purpose of the
information system is to benefit the end user. The end user can be
accountants, engineers, salespersons, customers, clerks, or managers
etc. People are also responsible to develop and operate information
systems. They include systems analysts, computer operators,
programmers, and other clerical IS personnel, and managerial
techniques.
 Classification of Computers on the
basis of Generations
• Generation of Computers
• First Generation (1946-59)
• Second Generation(1957-64)
• Third Generation(1965-70)
• Fourth Generation(1970-90)
• Fifth Generation(1990 till date)
 Classification of Computers on the
basis of Generations
Generation 0: Mechanical Calculators
Generation 1: Vacuum Tube Computers
Generation 2: Transistor Computers
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: Microprocessors
Generation 1 : ENIAC (Vacuum Tube Computers)
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was unveiled in 1946: the first
all-electronic, general-purpose digital computer
Generation 2: IBM7094 (Transistors)
Generation 3: Integrated Circuits
Generation 4: VLSI Improvements to IC technology made it
possible to integrate more and more transistors
in a single chip
SSI (Small Scale Integration): 10-100
MSI (Medium Scale Integration): 100-
1,000
LSI (Large Scale Integration): 1,000-
10,000
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration):
Microprocessors >10,000
Generation 5?
The term “Generation 5” is used sometimes to refer to all
more or less “sci fi” future developments
Voice recognition
Artificial intelligence
Quantum computing
Bio computing
Nano technology
Learning
Natural languages
 Classification of Computers on the
basis of Usage
SNo. Type Specifications

1 PC (Personal It is a single user computer system having a moderately powerful

Computer) or Micro- microprocessor. It is termed as a computer that is equipped
Computers microprocessor as its CPU.

2 Workstation It is also a single user computer system, similar to the personal computer,
however, has a more powerful microprocessor.

3 Mini-Computer It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of

users simultaneously.

4 Main Frame It is a multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of

users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer.

5 Super-Computer It is an extremely fast computer, which can

PC (Personal Computer)

• A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer

designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor
technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one
chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and
database management applications. At home, the most popular use
for personal computers is playing games and surfing the Internet.

• Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems,

these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In
terms of power, nowadays high-end models of the Macintosh and PC
offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end
workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.
 Workstation
• The workstation is a computer used for engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such
types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing
power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.

• Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics

screen, a large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical
user interface. Most workstations also have mass storage device such as
a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called diskless
workstations, comes without a disk drive.

• Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT.
Like PC, workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are
typically linked together to form a local area network, although they can
also be used as stand-alone systems.
Minicomputer

• A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the

features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical
size.
• A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and
microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but larger than the
latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers
operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of
the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers.
• A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.
Mainframe

• The mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer

capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently
and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.
Supercomputer

• Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.

Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require an immense amount of mathematical
calculations (number-crunching).
• For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations,
(animated)graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in
petrochemical prospecting).
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
SPEED

• Computers operate at extremely high speeds

• Their speed is measured in millions for instructions per
second (MIPS).

ACCURACY
The computer’s accuracy is consistently high.
Almost without exception, the errors in computing are due to human
rather than to technological weakness i.e. due to vague thinking by the
programmer, inaccurate data, user instructions or hardware problems.
AUTOMATIC
• The computers are automatic. They do not need any supervision in
order to perform programs when instructed or execute the work
assigned.

DILIGENCE
 Computers have the ability to perform the same task
over for long time without getting tired. This is because
a computer is a machine, and so does not have from
human behaviors of tiredness and lack of concentration
Versatility
• Modern Computers can perform different kind of tasks
simultaneously (doing many tasks at the same time). For
example you can play music while typing a document at the
same time. This is also known as multi-tasking.

Adaptability
 Modern Computers can comply with different settings. For
example, they can be used as personal computers, for
home use, banking, communication, entertainment,
weather forecasting, space explorations, teaching,
railways, medicine etc.
Artificial intelligence
• Computers are artificially intelligent. i.e. They can be programmed
to assume capabilities such as learning, reasoning, adaptation, and
self-correction. For example computers can respond as if they were
thinking by play chess, recognize handwriting and speech. However,
the computers themselves cannot think. The artificial intelligence is
only supported by the power of the programs installed in them.

Storage
 For a computer to be able to work, it must have some form of
work space where data is stored before being processed. All
information is stored on a hard disk or in the memory, for
example on a Ram.
 Different Types of Memory in a Computer

• Although many types of memory in a computer exist, the most basic

distinction is between primary memory, often called system memory,
and secondary memory, which is more commonly called storage.
• The key difference between primary and secondary memory is speed of
access.
• Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located close to the
CPU on the computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data from
primary memory very quickly indeed. It is used to store data that the
CPU needs imminently so that it does not have to wait for it to be
delivered.
• Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located within a
separate storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid state drive
(SSD), which is connected to the computer system either directly or over
a network. The cost per gigabyte of secondary memory is much lower,
but the read and write speeds are significantly slower.
 Primary Memory Types
RAM and ROM

• There are two key types of primary memory:

• RAM, or random access memory
• ROM, or read-only memory
 RAM Computer Memory

• The acronym RAM stems from the fact that data stored in random access
memory can be accessed – as the name suggests – in any random order.
Or, put another way, any random bit of data can be accessed just as quickly
as any other bit.
• The most important things to understand about RAM are that RAM
memory is very fast, it can be written to as well as read, it is volatile (so all
data stored in RAM memory is lost when it loses power) and, finally, it is
very expensive compared to all types of secondary memory in terms of
cost per gigabyte. It is because of the relative high cost of RAM compared
to secondary memory types that most computer systems use both primary
and secondary memory.
• Data that is required for imminent processing is moved to RAM where it
can be accessed and modified very quickly, so that the CPU is not kept
waiting. When the data is no longer required it is shunted out to slower
but cheaper secondary memory, and the RAM space that has been freed
up is filled with the next chunk of data that is about to be used.
Types of RAM

• DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common
type of RAM used in computers. The oldest type is known as single
data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data rate
(DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including DDR2 , DDR3,
and DDR4, which offer better performance and are more energy
efficient than DDR. However different versions are incompatible, so it
is not possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system.
DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
• SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM
which is faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six
transistors in each cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally only used
as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in very high-end server
systems. A small SRAM cache of the most imminently-needed data
can result in significant speed improvements in a system
ROM Computer Memory

• ROM stands for read-only memory, and the name stems from the fact
that while data can be read from this type of computer memory, data
cannot normally be written to it. It is a very fast type of computer
memory which is usually installed close to the CPU on the motherboard.
• ROM is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored
in ROM persists in the memory even when it receives no power – for
example when the computer is turned off. In that sense it is similar to
secondary memory, which is used for long term storage.
• When a computer is turned on, the CPU can begin reading information
stored in ROM without the need for drivers or other complex software to
help it communicate. The ROM usually contains “bootstrap code” which
is the basic set of instructions a computer needs to carry out to become
aware of the operating system stored in secondary memory, and to load
parts of the operating system into primary memory so that it can start up
and become ready to use.
 Types of ROM
• PROM PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory, and it is
different from true ROM in that while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data
written to it) during the manufacturing process, a PROM is manufactured in
an empty state and then programmed later using a PROM programmer or
burner.
• EPROM EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and
as the name suggests, data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the
EPROM reprogrammed. Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the
computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light before re-burning it.
• EEPROM EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory, and the distinction between EPROM and EEPROM is that the latter
can be erased and written to by the computer system it is installed in. In that
sense EEPROM is not strictly read-only. However in many cases the write
process is slow, so it is normally only done to update program code such as
firmware or BIOS code on an occasional basis
 Differences between RAM and ROM
• ROM:
• Non-volatile
• Fast to read
• Usually used in small quantities
• Cannot be written to quickly
• Used to store boot instructions or firmware
• Relatively expensive per megabyte stored compared to RAM
• RAM:
• Volatile
• Fast to read and write
• Used as system memory to store data (including program code) that the CPU
needs to process imminently
• Relatively cheap per megabyte stored compared to ROM, but relatively
expensive compared to secondary memory
Secondary Memory/ Mass Storage
Devices
• We have read so far, that primary memory is volatile and has limited
capacity. So, it is important to have another form of memory that has
a larger storage capacity and from which data and programs are not
lost when the computer is turned off. Such a type of memory is called
secondary memory. In secondary memory, programs and data are
stored. It is also called auxiliary memory. It is different from primary
memory as it is not directly accessible through the CPU and is non-
volatile. Secondary or external storage devices have a much larger
storage capacity and the cost of secondary memory is less as
compared to primary memory.
Mass Storage Devices

• A mass storage device (MSD) is any storage device that makes it

possible to store and port large amounts of data across computers,
servers and within an IT environment. MSDs are portable storage
media that provide a storage interface that can be both internal and
external to the computer.
• A mass storage device may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage
device. The term is commonly used to describe USB mass storage
devices.
Use of Secondary memory

• Secondary memory is used for different purposes but the main

purposes of using secondary memory are:
• Permanent storage: As we know that primary memory stores data
only when the power supply is on, it loses data when the power is
off. So we need a secondary memory to stores data permanently
even if the power supply is off.
• Large Storage: Secondary memory provides large storage space so
that we can store large data like videos, images, audios, files, etc
permanently.
• Portable: Some secondary devices are removable. So, we can easily
store or transfer data from one computer or device to another.
 Secondary memory devices
• 1. Floppy Disk: A floppy disk consists of a magnetic disc in a square plastic
case. It is used to store data and to transfer data from one device to
another device. Floppy disks are available in two sizes (a) Size: 3.5 inches,
the Storage capacity of 1.44 MB (b) Size: 5.25 inches, the Storage capacity
of 1.2 MB. To use a floppy disk, our computer needs to have a floppy disk
drive. This storage device becomes obsolete now and has been replaced by
CDs, DVDs, and flash drives.
• 2. Compact Disc: A Compact Disc (CD) is a commonly used secondary
storage device. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface. Its shape is
circular and is made up of polycarbonate plastic. The storage capacity of CD
is up to 700 MB of data. A CD may also be called a CD-ROM (Compact Disc
Read-Only Memory), in this computers can read the data present in a CD-
ROM, but cannot write new data onto it. For a CD-ROM, we require a CD-
ROM. CD is of two types:
• CD-R (compact disc recordable): Once the data has been written onto it
cannot be erased, it can only be read.
• CD-RW (compact disc rewritable): It is a special type of CD in which data
can be erased and rewritten as many times as we want. It is also called an
erasable CD.
• Digital Versatile Disc: A Digital Versatile Disc also known as DVD it is
looks just like a CD, but the storage capacity is greater compared to CD,
it stores up to 4.7 GB of data. DVD-ROM drive is needed to use DVD on a
computer. The video files, like movies or video recordings, etc., are
generally stored on DVD and you can run DVD using the DVD player. DVD
is of three types:
• DVD-ROM(Digital Versatile Disc Readonly): In DVD-ROM the
manufacturer writes the data in it and the user can only read that data,
cannot write new data in it. For example movie DVD, movie DVD is
already written by the manufacturer we can only watch the movie but
we cannot write new data into it.
• DVD-R(Digital Versatile Disc Recordable): In DVD-R you can write the
data but only one time. Once the data has been written onto it cannot
be erased, it can only be read.
• DVD-RW(Digital Versatile Disc Rewritable and Erasable): It is a special
type of DVD in which data can be erased and rewritten as many times as
we want. It is also called an erasable DVD.
• 4. Blu-ray Disc: A Blu-ray disc looks just like a CD or a DVD but it can
store data or information up to 25 GB data. If you want to use a Blu-ray
disc, you need a Blu-ray reader. The name Blu-ray is derived from the
technology that is used to read the disc ‘Blu’ from the blue-violet laser
and ‘ray’ from an optical ray.
• 5. Hard Disk: A hard disk is a part of a unit called a hard disk drive. It is
used to storing a large amount of data. Hard disks or hard disk drives
come in different storage capacities.(like 256 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB, and 2 TB,
etc.). It is created using the collection of discs known as platters. The
platters are placed one below the other. They are coated with magnetic
material. Each platter consists of a number of invisible circles and each
circle having the same centre called tracks. Hard disk is of two types
• (i) Internal hard disk (ii) External hard disk.
• 6. Flash Drive: A flash drive or pen drive comes in various storage
capacities, such as 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, 64 GB, up to 1
TB. A flash drive is used to transfer and store data. To use a flash drive,
we need to plug it into a USB port on a computer. As a flash drive is easy
to use and compact in size, Nowadays it is very popular.
• 7. Solid-state disk: It is also known as SDD. It is a non-volatile storage
device that is used to store and access data. It is faster, does noiseless
operations(because it does not contain any moving parts like the hard
disk), consumes less power, etc. It is a great replacement for standard
hard drives in computers and laptops if the price is low and it is also
suitable for tablets, notebooks, etc because they do not require large
storage.
• 8. SD Card: It is known as a Secure Digital Card. It is generally used in
portable devices like mobile phones, cameras, etc., to store data. It is
available in different sizes like 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, 64
GB, etc. To view the data stored in the SD card you can remove them
from the device and insert them into a computer with help of a card
reader. The data stores in the SD card is stored in memory chips(present
in the SD Card) and it does not contain any moving parts like the hard
disk.
 cloud computing
• In Simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing the
data and programs on remote servers that are hosted on the internet
instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is
also referred to as Internet-based computing.
• Cloud Computing Architecture: Cloud computing architecture refers to
the components and sub-components required for cloud computing.
These components typically refer to:
• Front end(fat client, thin client)
• Back-end platforms(servers, storage)
• Cloud-based delivery and a network(Internet, Intranet, Inter cloud).
 Difference between
Thin clients and Thick Clients
• 1. Thin clients :
A thin client is a computer system that runs on a server based computing
environment. They work by connecting to a remote server based
environment, where most applications and data is stored. The server
performs most of the tasks like computations and calculations. They are
more secure than thick client systems when it comes to security threats. In
Thin clients the system management is much easier as there are centralized
servers. With the help of centralization, there is optimization of hardware
and maintenance of software is also comparatively easier.

• 2. Thick clients :
A thick client is a system which can be connected to the server even
without the network. Thick clients are also referred as heavy or fat clients.
Thick clients are not dependent on server’s applications. They have their
own operating system and software applications. They have high flexibility
and high server capacity. Thick clients have more security threats and are
less secure than thin clients.
Factors Thin clients Thick clients

Installation Thin clients have browser based installation. Thick clients are installed locally.

Type of devices Thin clients are used by handheld devices. Customization systems use thick clients.

Processing Type In thin clients there is complete processing on Thick clients make use of computer resources more
server side. than server.

Deployability Thin clients are easily deployable as compared Thick clients are more expensive to deploy.
to thick clients.

Data validation The data verification is required from the The data verification is done by client side.
server side.

Communication In thin clients continuous communication is In thick clients communication is done at particular
required from server side. intervals with the server.

Interfacing It cannot be interfaced with other equipment. It is robust as compared to thin client and it can be
interfaced with other equipment.

Security It has less security threats. It has more security threats as compared to thin
clients.
Benefits of Cloud Computing:

• Scalability: With Cloud hosting, it is easy to grow and shrink the number and
size of servers based on the need. This is done by either increasing or
decreasing the resources in the cloud. This ability to alter plans due to
fluctuation in business size and needs is a superb benefit of cloud computing,
especially when experiencing a sudden growth in demand.
• Instant: Whatever you want is instantly available in the cloud.
• Save Money: An advantage of cloud computing is the reduction in hardware
costs. Instead of purchasing in-house equipment, hardware needs are left to
the vendor. For companies that are growing rapidly, new hardware can be
large, expensive, and inconvenient. Cloud computing alleviates these issues
because resources can be acquired quickly and easily. Even better, the cost of
repairing or replacing equipment is passed to the vendors. Along with
purchase costs, off-site hardware cuts internal power costs and saves space.
Large data centers can take up precious office space and produce a large
amount of heat. Moving to cloud applications or storage can help maximize
space and significantly cut energy expenditures.
• Reliability: Rather than being hosted on one single instance of a
physical server, hosting is delivered on a virtual partition that draws
its resource, such as disk space, from an extensive network of
underlying physical servers. If one server goes offline it will have no
effect on availability, as the virtual servers will continue to pull
resources from the remaining network of servers.
• Physical Security: The underlying physical servers are still housed
within data centers and so benefit from the security measures that
those facilities implement to prevent people from accessing or
disrupting them on-site.
• Outsource Management: When you are managing the business,
Someone else manages your computing infrastructure. You do not
need
 Flexibility
• Your business has only a finite amount of focus to divide between all
of its responsibilities. If your current IT solutions are forcing you to
commit too much of your attention to computer and data-storage
issues, then you aren't going to be able to concentrate on reaching
business goals and satisfying customers. On the other hand, by
relying on an outside organisation to take care of all IT hosting and
infrastructure, you'll have more time to devote toward the aspects of
your business that directly affect your bottom line.
• The cloud offers businesses more flexibility overall versus hosting on
a local server. And, if you need extra bandwidth, a cloud-based
service can meet that demand instantly, rather than undergoing a
complex (and expensive) update to your IT infrastructure.
Mobility
• Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smart
phones and devices, which, considering over 2.6 billion smart phones
are being used globally today, is a great way to ensure that no one is
ever left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long
way away from the corporate office, can use this feature to keep
instantly up to date with clients and co-worker.
• Through the cloud, you can offer conveniently accessible information to
sales staff who travel, freelance employees, or remote employees, for
better work-life balance.
• Increased Collaboration
• If your business has two employees or more, then you should be
making collaboration a top priority. After all, there isn't much point to
having a team if it is unable to work like a team. Cloud computing
makes collaboration a simple process. Team members can view and
share information easily and securely across a cloud-based platform.
Some cloud-based services even provide collaborative social
spaces to connect employees across your organisation, therefore
increasing interest and engagement. Collaboration may be possible
without a cloud-computing solution, but it will never be as easy, nor
as effective.
• Disaster Recovery
• One of the factors that contributes to the success of a business is
control. Unfortunately, no matter how in control your organisation
may be when it comes to its own processes, there will always be
things that are completely out of your control, and in today's market,
even a small amount of unproductive downtime can have a
resoundingly negative effect. Downtime in your services leads to lost
productivity, revenue, and brand reputation.
• But while there may be no way for you to prevent or even anticipate
the disasters that could potentially harm your organisation, there is
something you can do to help speed your recovery. Cloud-based
services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency
scenarios, from natural disasters to power outages
• Automatic Software Updates
• For those who have a lot to get done, there isn't anything more
irritating than having to wait for system updates to be installed.
Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update
themselves, instead of forcing an IT department to perform a manual
organisation wide update. This saves valuable IT staff time and
money spent on outside IT consultation.
QUERIES