PERCEIVED OVERCROWDING AND IT’S RELATIONSHIP WITH EMOTIONAL REGULATION AMONG HOSTLERS AND

DAY SCHOLARS COLLEGE STUDENTS

Supervisor: Submitted by:

Dr. Rubi Singh Prerana Sheoran
(Assistant Professor) Roll no. 2341855
Department of Psychology
Banasthali Vidyapith
Rajasthan-304022(India)
2023-2025
CONTENTS

1) INTRODUCTION
2) REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3) OBJECTIVES
4) HYPOTHESES
5) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a) SAMPLE
b) VARIABLES
c) TOOLS
6) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7) CONCLUSION
8) LIMITATIONS
9) FUTURE PLAN
• REFERENCES
1) INTRODUCTION

• Perceived overcrowding - Perceived overcrowding is the subjective evaluation of density

levels in a specific surroundings (Shelby & Heberlein, 1984) and is usually defined as a
negative assessment of visitor density within a given area (Graefe, Vaske, & Kuss, 1984).

• Emotional Regulation - Emotional regualtion refers to the processes by which individuals

influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and
express these emotions.(Gross, J. J. (1998).
2) REVIEW OF LITERATURE

S.NO Author’s Objective of the Study Sample Design and Analysis Findings
Name & Year

1. Zhang, J., Qi, To examine how people,s 609 • Descriptive Statistics • feeling crowded reduced
R., & Zhang, H. feelings (emotions) are Samples • Structural equation positive emotions
(2023). affected by the modeling (SEM) • it increased negative
perception of crowding • Corelation emotions
in small urban public • crowding made it harder
spaces. for people to focus
2. Jacob, A. M., It’spurpose was to 25 - • Descriptive data • Adjustment is better in
& Kaushik, A. determining the hostellers analysis was used like day- scholars then
(2017). differences in adjustment frequency and hostellers in terms of
that exist between day 25- day percentage. home, health, social,
scholars and hostel scholars emotional, and general
students. adjustment.
3. Upadhyaya, C. To determine whether or 300 day- • Statistical analysis • When compared to
(2016) not there are any scholars using the Mean, students living in hostels,
changes in the way that Standard Deviation day scholars have a greater
Day Scholars and Hostel 300 • T test potential for adjustment.
students adjust to their hostellers
environments
4. Evans, G. W., & To analyze how crowding • Theoretical • Crowding limits
Lepore, S. J. negactively impacts Framework individuals’ ability to
(1992) human health and • Analysis Aprooach achieve goals , leading to
behaviour . stress.
• exacerbating egative
psychological effects

5. Aifan Isa, A. N., A primary objective of this 400 students • t-test for one and The university students who
& al-Mukhtar, N. study is to uncover the from morning two independent were included in the sample
N. (2024) challenges that university studies samples, indicated moderate degree of
students face when it program • correlation emotional regulation issues.
comes to emotional coefficient of This was the situation for
control. Pearson, both male and female
• Z-test students.
• Cronbach's alpha
3) OBJECTIVES

• To know the effect of perceived overcrowding on emotional regulation.

• To know the effect of perceived overcrowding on emotional regulation among hostlers.
• To know the effect of perceived overcrowding on emotional regulation among day scholars.
• To compare the level of perceived overcrowding on emotional regulation experienced by hostlers and day
scholars.

4) HYPOTHESES
H1:Perceived overcrowding has a significant effect on emotional regulation.
H2:Perceived overcrowding has a significant effect on emotional regulation in hostlers.
H3:Perceived overcrowding has a significant effect on emotional regulation in day-scholars.
H4:There will be a significant difference in the effect of perceived overcrowding on emotional regulation among

hostelers and day-scholars.

5) METHODOLOGY

a) SAMPLE
The total sample consists of 100 female college students .
• 50 participants are day-scholars
• 50 participants are hostel residents

b) VARIABLES
• Predictor Variable : Perceived Overcrowding.
• Criterion Variable : Emotional Regulation.

c) TOOLS
Vaske and Shelby (2008),Crowding as a descriptive indicator
Emotional Regulation Questionnaire - Short Form (ERQ-S)
6) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1
Correlation Between Perceived Overcrowding and Emotional Regulation
Correlations
perceived overcrowding emotional regulation
score score
Pearson Correlation 1 .432**
perceived overcrowding score Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100
.432** 1
Pearson Correlation
emotional regulation score
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 100 100
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between perceived overcrowding and emotional
regulation. The results ,as presented in Table 1, indicate that there is a moderate positive correlation between perceived
overcrowding and emotional regulation, r(98)= .432, p<.001. This suggests that as perceived overcrowding
increases,emotional regulation also tends to increase. This correlation was statistically significant at the 0.01 level (two-
tailed), indicating strong evidence against the null hypothesis.
Table 2
Correlation Between Perceived Overcrowding and Emotional Regulation in Hostlers

Correlations
perceived overcrowding emotional regulation
score score

Pearson Correlation 1 .393**

perceived overcrowding score Sig. (2-tailed) .005
N 50 50

.393** 1
Pearson Correlation
emotional regulation score
Sig. (2-tailed) .005
N 50 50
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between perceived overcrowding and emotional
regulation in hostelers. The result, as presented in Table 2, indicate a moderate positive correlation between perceived
overcrowding and emotional regulation, r(48)= .393, p= .005. This indicates that higher perceived overcrowding is associated
with increased emotional regulation among hostelers. The correlation was statistically significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed)
suggesting that the relationship is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
Table 3
Correlation Between Perceived Overcrowding and Emotional Regulation in Day-Scholars
Correlations
perceived overcrowding score emotional regulation score

perceived overcrowding score Pearson Correlation 1 .449**

Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 50 50
emotional regulation score .449** 1
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 50 50
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

A Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between perceived overcrowding and emotional
regulation in day- scholars. The result, as presented in Table 3, indicate a moderate positive correlation between perceived
overcrowding and emotional regulation, r(48)= .449, p= .001. It suggests that the higher perceived overcrowding is associated
with increased emotional regulation in day-scholars. The correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed), indicating
strong evidence for the relationship.
 Table 4
Independent Samples t-Test for Perceived Overcrowding and Emotional Regulation Scores
Variable Group M SD t df p 95% CI(Lower,Upper)

Perceived Hostlers 5.68 2.18 1.94 98 .055 -0.01862, 1.73862

overcrowding
Day-Scholars 4.82 2.25

Emotional Hostlers 35.96 6.62 1.19 98 .235 -1.00566, 4.04845

Regulation
Day- 34.44 6.11
Scholars
Note . M= Mean, SD= Standard Deviation, CI= Confidence Interval.

An Independent samples t-Test was conducted to examine whether there is a significant difference in the effect of perceived
overcrowding on emotional regulation between hostelers and day-scholars. The result, as presented in Table 4, indicate that
there is no significant difference in perceived overcrowding scores between hostelers (M=5.68, SD=2.18) and day-scholars
(M=4.82, SD=2.25), t(98)=1.94, p= .055. Similarly, there was no significant difference in emotional regulation scores between
hostelers (M=35.96, SD=6.62) and day-scholars (M=34.44, SD=6.11), t(98)=1.19, p= .235. Therefore the hypothesis that
perceived overcrowding affects emotional regulation differently in hostelers and day- scholars was not supported .
7) CONCLUSION

The study found that students exposed to higher levels of overcrowding tend to develop better emotional
regulation skills . There were no significant difference between hostellers and day scholars, indicating that both
groups are similarly affected by overcrowding .This suggests that adapting to crowded environments may
enhance emotional reselience. this findings highlights the need for educational institutions to consider
environmentsl factors in supporting student well-being.

8) FUTURE PLAN
• This study had a rather small sample size, which may restrict the extent to which the findings may be
generalized so, it can be exceeded to a larger sample .
• Conduct research into the role that personality traits, social support systems, and coping techniques play as
moderating factors in order to gain an understanding of how individual differences influence the impact that
overcrowding has on both emotional well-being and physical health.
REFERENCES
Zehrer, A., & Raich, F. (2016). The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 29, 88–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.06.007

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.
https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271

Zhang, J., Qi, R., & Zhang, H. (2023). Examining the Impact of Crowding Perception on the Generation of Negative Emotions among Users of Small Urban Micro
Public Spaces. Sustainability, 15(22), 16104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152216104

Jacob, A. M., & Kaushik, A. (2017). A comparative study to assess the health status and academic progress among day scholars and hostellers in a selected
college of nursing in New Delhi. International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 4(2), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.9318.201710

Upadhyaya, C. (2016). A comparative study of adjustment among day scholars and hostel students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 63.
https://doi.org/18.01.108/20160304

Evans, G. W., & Lepore, S. J. (1992). Conceptual and analytic issues in crowding research. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12(2), 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80068-4

Aifan Isa, A. N., & al-Mukhtar, N. N. (2024). Emotional regulation difficulties among university students. International Journal of Religion, 5(12), 352–363.
https://doi.org/10.61707/sb373245

Vaske, J. J., & Shelby, L. B. (2008). Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: Results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sciences, 30(2),
111–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400701881341

Preece, D. A., Petrova, K., Mehta, A., & Gross, J. J. (2023). The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S): A 6-item measure of cognitive
reappraisal and expressive suppression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 340, 855-861.
THANK YOU !