I STUDY.

Subject (S) Predicate (P)

Subject (S) I STUDY.
• who or what I
• perform action(s)  study
• noun, noun phrase, or pronoun.?  pronoun
• comes before the verb.  before ‘study’
(S)
Common Noun: a person, place, thing, or idea.
e.g: dog, city, car, teacher
1
Proper Noun: a specific name of a person, place, or thing.
e.g: Lan, Hanoi, Tiktok

Concrete Noun: can be perceived by the senses

e.g: apple, house, music, dog
Noun Abstract
2
Noun: cannot be perceived by the senses
e.g: love, happiness, freedom, knowledge
Countable Noun:
e.g: apple, book, chair, car
3
Uncountable Noun:
e.g: water, sugar, music, information
(S) odi fier Noun Phrase (
P r e -m

Det Adj Noun (Post-)Mod

which is priced at $10
in most bookstores in
A new book on the table and highly recommend
by many reputable au
Determiner (Det): (Post-)Modifier: senior readers alike.
• Articles (a, an, the) • Prepositional phrases
• Possessives (my, her, • Relative clauses (Past Participle / Present
girl’s, ...) Participle)
• Demonstratives (this, • Infinitives (a house to rent, …)
that, ...)
Adj Order:pinion
• Quantifiers O ize
(some, ge S
many, A
hape olour S
riginal C urpose
aterial O M
...)
beautiful small old round red Vietnamese plastic shopping ba
Articles
A/An The
1. Used with singular nouns. 1. Used with both singular and plural nouns.
Example: I bought a car. Example: The car is expensive.

2. Refers to something non-specific or 2. Refers to something specific or already mentioned be

general. Example: We saw a bird in the park yesterday. The bird wa
Example: I saw a bird in the park. beautiful.

3. Used when introducing something for 3. Used when both speaker and listener know what is bei
the first time. referred to.
Example: I saw a new movie last night. Example: The dog (we’re looking at) is barking loudly.

4. Used for generalizations or 4. Used when there is only one of s.th or s.th universall
categories. known.
Example: A dog is a loyal pet. Example: The Earth orbits the Sun.

5. Use
6. "A" with
a/anatoconsonant ≠ "An"
say what kind with aor person
of thing 5. Used
we with
meansuperlatives.
vowel. We stayed at a very cheap hotel. (aExample:
Example: type of The tallest
hotel) mountain
# The is Everest.
hotel where we stayed was very ch
Example:hotel)
specific He drank a cup of tea, while she
ate an egg.
 Nouns
Countable [C] Uncountable [U]
1. both singular and plural forms. 1. only a singular form.
Example: a book (books), an apple Example: water, rice, music, furniture.
(apples). (but a … of: a piece of music)

2. cannot use with numbers.

2. can use with numbers. Example: two waters (but two glasses of water.)
Example: two books, five cars.
3. use with "much“ & ‘little’: much water, a little ric
3. use with "many“ & ‘few’: many but ’much’ not used in positive sentence.
students, a few bananas.
4. Typical kinds of [U]
4. cannot use singular nouns alone • Substances/Materials: water, rice, sugar, milk, s
Example: Do you want a banana? • Abstract Ideas: love, knowledge, happiness, adv
(banana) • Collective Groups: furniture, clothing, equipmen
but can use plural nouns alone • Natural Phenomena: weather, air, sunlight.
Example: I like bananas • Activities: swimming, work, running.
• Languages/Systems of knowledge. English, mu
Countable [C] or
Uncountable [U]? =a
1. a) Did you hear a noise / noise specific
just now? noise
= noise
b) I can’t work here. There’s too much noise in general
/ noises .
= ato
2. a) I bought a paper / paper newspaper
read.
= to
b) I need a paper / some paper material for writing on
write on.
=my
3. a) There’s a hair / hair in onesoup!
single hair
= all/ the
b) You’ve got very long hair hair on your head
hairs.
4. a) This is a nice room / = a room
nice in a house
room.
= /space
b) You can’t sit here. There isn’t room a room.
5. a) I had some interesting experiences / experience= things
while thattravelling.
I was happened to me
= you’ve
b) I was offered the job because I had a lot of experience done the job for a long time
/ experiences.
6. a) Enjoy your trip. Have a great time=/agreat
specific
timetime
!
= time
b) I can’t wait. I don’t have time in general
/ times.
Common Uncountable Nouns
1. We found a_c_m_od_t_o_ near the beach.
9. Can you provide more _n_o_m_ _ i_n about
2. He gave me some _d_i_e about the project.
the event?
3. Her b_g_a_e was too heavy for the flight.
10. She had good _u_k in the lottery.
4. His _eh_v_our at the meeting was impressive.
11. My _u_g_ _e was delayed at the airport.
5. I bought some _ _e_d from the bakery. 12. I heard some _ew_ about the concert.
6. The _r_ff_c caused ch_o_ in the city. 13. The project is making slow _r_g_e_s.
7. The storm caused a lot of _a_a_e to the14.
houses.
The _c_ne_y on our hike was breathtaking.
8. We need new _u_ni_u_e for the living room.
15. The _e_ _h_ _ today is warm and sunny.
16. I have a lot of _o_ _ to do this afternoon.
(S) odi fier
P r e -m

Det Adj Noun (Post-)Mod which is priced at $10 in

most bookstores in VN
and (is) highly recomme
A new book on the table
by many reputable auth
for high school students

and senior readers alike

fascinating(1) thick(2) new(3) rectangular(4) brown(5) English(6) paperback(7) novel(8)

Our Tran Phu high school lovely history teacher’s
45 words
Subject (S) → Predicate (P)

=
Verb (V) + ...
 (S) prōnōmen
Pronoun
= in place of
Types Examples
1. Subject Personal c a. myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves,
Pronouns: ____ themselves, himself, herself, itself
2. Object Personal e b. my, your, our, their, his, her, its.
Pronouns: ____
d
3. Possessive Pronouns: c. I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
b
____
a
4. Possessive Adjectives: d. mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its.
____
Choose the correct
5. Reflexive answer.
Pronouns: e. me, you, us, them, him, her, it.
1. She ____
/ Hers / Her is going to the park with my friends today.
2. Our teacher gave we / our / us some extra homework to complete tomorrow.
3. That jacket is mine / my / I, not yours, so don't touch it.
4. He taught his / himself / him how to play the piano this evening.
5. This is I / mine / my favorite movie, and it's very exciting to watch.
6. I asked a student if they / them / theirs liked learning English.
 Sentence
Verb (V)
Subject Predicate
(S) (P)
Extra
Noun– Proper, Concrete – Abstract, Countable – Uncoutable
Common

Noun phrase(Determiner + Adjective) + Main Noun + (Post)Mo

Pre-modifier

PronounI, You, We, They

He, She, It
(P)
1. Action Verb: physical or mental actions.
Transitive Verb: need an object
e.g: She bought a book.
e.g: run (I run fast), think (He thinks carefully) Study: Vt or Vi?

Intransitive Verb: don’t need an object

e.g: He sleeps peacefully.

Be: describe subject She is running

2. Linking Verb: describe subject. Sensory: look, sound, feel, smell, taste
e.g: be (He is tired), look (She looks happy)
Others: seem, become, appear, remain, stay, tur

Verb Be: continuous tenses and passive voice

e.g: She is running. / The book was written.
3. Auxiliary Verb: support main verbs
Have: perfect tenses
e.g: did (She didn’t come), do (Do you agree?)
e.g: They have finished. / He had arrived.
Do/Does/Did: emphasis, negation, or question
I don’t know him. / Did she call me?

4. Modal Verb: come before main verbscannot or can not?

e.g: can, could, may, must, should, will, maynot
... or may not?
(P)
(What?
• Direct Object (DO): Perform the action of or Whom?)
the verb
(Tothe
• Indirect Object (IO): Receive the action of whom? or For whom?)
verb

She writes
Indirect Object (IO)
a
letter. me
Subject (S) Verb (V) Object (O)

Direct Object (DO)

(P)

Adjective
Prep phrase Participle Phrase
long
She writes me a letterclass,
after sitting in her
quickly room.
Adverb
Modifier
(P)

He is tired Subject Complement (SC)

She painted the wall blue Object Complement (OC)
 • Common - Proper
Sentence Structure Sum-up Noun • Concrete - Abstract
• Countable- Uncountable
• Determiner
Subject (S)Noun-phr. • Adjective
• Main Noun
• (Post-)Modifier

Pronoun •• I, You, We, Them

He, She, It

Sentence • Action
Verb •
•
Linking
Auxiliary
• Modal
• Direct
Object • Indirect
Predicate (P) • Adjective, Adverb
Modifier • Prepositional phrase
• Participle phrase
• Subject Complement
Comple. • Object Complement
 Vary Your Sentence
Structures
1. ______ Sentence: I study
Simple
English.
▶ Structure:
S + V (+ O).

Compound
2. _________ Sentence: I study English, and he studies Chinese.
▶ Structure:
S + V, conjunction S + V.
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Complex
3. ________ Sentence: I study English because I like American movies.
▶ S + V conjunction Sor
Structure: + conjunction
V. S + V, S + V.
Because, Although, If, When, While, Before, After, ...
4. _____________ Sentence: I study English because I like American movies, and
he studies Chinese.
Compound-Complex
▶ Structure:
S + V conjunction S + V, conjunction S + V.

So which sentence structure is best?

 IELTS Writing Grammar Band Descriptors
▲ Match each given sentence with the correct Band descriptor below. Note that one
option will not be used.

Band 4: Rainy weather are uncomfort. They not are convenient withcmoving around. _____
Band 5: Rainy weather are uncomfortable. But they not are convenient with moving around.
_____ b
Band 6: Rainy weather is uncomfortable because it is inconvenientato move around. _____

Band 7: Rainy weather is uncomfortable because it not only makes it inconvenient

to move around but e
also disrupts daily activities. _____

a) Able to use complex sentences, but errors may still occur in structures and
connections.
b) Use simple sentences with limited control over complex sentences.
c) Many errors in both simple and complex sentences. Rare attempts to use
complex sentences
d) Complex sentences are used accurately and naturallyBand 9 errors
with no
e) A variety of simple and complex sentences used correctly. Effective use of complex sentenc
with few errors.
 Comparison Examples
Example 1: Despite the fact that technology, Example 2: Although technology is
which is often seen as a tool that can improve widely seen as a tool that improves lives
lives in many ways and is used daily by and is used daily by millions, it also has a
millions of people, has a significant impact on significant impact on society and presents
society, it also presents certain challenges that challenges, such as growing privacy
cannot be ignored, including the issues issues, which become more serious with
regarding privacy, which continue to become each technological advancement.
more serious as new advancements in
technology emerge.
▲Read the sentence and try to summarize main idea(s).
▲Which version is shorter, clearer, and easier to follow?
 From Simple to Complex
Original: Many people travel to work by car. It is quick and convenient. Cars cause
air pollution. The number of cars should be limited in city centers. It will reduce air
pollution. People should use public transportation. Public transport needs to be
improved. Better and cheaper public transport will encourage people to use it.

▲Fill in the gaps with words given.

Word list: by doing so, so, furthermore, rather than, this can be done by, in
order to, because
Improved: Many people travel to work by car 1._______ it is quick and convenient.
Cars cause air pollution 2._______ the number should be limited in city centers.
3._______, air pollution can be reduced. 4._______, public transport needs to be
improved 5._______ encourage people to use that mode of transport 6._______ private
cars. 7._______ offering cheaper and better public transport.