TRIAL

TRIAL PAHANG
PAHANG
K2
K2
 Mesophyte
s
Plants
that live
in a
habitat Terrestrial
that is plants
Most
not too
plant
dry nor
species
too wet
with an
adequat
e supply
of • Example:
water. Mango tree,
Only hibiscus plant
needs & and rubber
uses a tree
moderat
e amount
of water
 Halophyte
Example: Mangrove tree
s Avicennia sp
Rhizophora sp

ADAPTATIONS :
1.The leaves have thick 4. Widely branched root system with
waxy cuticle, succulent a variety of shapes and sizes:
& sunken stomata : -support plants in muddy & soft soils
-to reduce the rate of 5. Has pneumatophores which is
water evaporation & the breathing root that grows upright
transpiration due the above the soil surface to allows
direct exposure to gaseous exchange during respiration
sunlight in the atmosphere
6. The cell sap of mangrove roots has
2.Has hydathodes pores a higher salt concentration than sea
on the leaves water.
-to eliminate excess salt -Prevent the diffusion of water
from the cell sap of mangrove roots
3.Drop old and yellow by osmosis
leaves
-get rid of this salt
when then the leaves
are abundant with salt
ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HYDROPHYTES (SUBMERGED
PLANTS)
a)The root & f)The leaves
stem cortex have no
has air space – stoma & no
helps the plant waxy cuticles
stay upright at on the
certain depths leaves-
to absorb e)The of
absorption
b) The fine leaves &
sunlight substances
fibrous roots- stems
stabilize the directly
have the
through
position of the CABOMBA chlorophyll
plant so that it SP epidermis
c)The stem are d) Small & thin -
stays upright photosynth
small & leaves –increase
position in the esis can
flexible-helps the total surface
water occur
the plants to area to volume
stay upright & ratio , so it can throughout
reduce water increase the rate the plants
flow resistance of water diffusion,
mineral salt &
 ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HYDROPHYTES
(FLOATING PLANTS)
a) Fine &
numerous c) The leaves
fibrous roots – are broad,
increase the thin & flat-
total surface absorb
area to trap maximum light
more aie for
bubbles so that photosynthesis
they are lighter, d) The upper
floating & more epidermal
stable layer has a
b)Roots & stems waxy cuticle
has many & many
aerenchyma stomata-
tissue with plenty remove
of air space – excess water
reduces the
density &
produces plant
buoyancy
 Adaptive Features of
Xerophytes
• 1.Long root penetrate c)Thick waxy
deep into the ground- cuticles-to reduce
absorbs ground water. rate of transpiration
d)The stoma sinks F)No
• 2.shallow roots that -to reduces leaves(howev
are widely spread to evaporation of er small
absorb the existing water from leavese leaves will
water after a short rain e)The leaves are appear when
only & stored in the modified into thorns. receiving
roots,stems & leaves -reducing the rainwater)-
surface area for photosynthesis
• 3.Succulent stem-store
transpiration & help occurs in the
water in the large the formation of dew stem
vacuoles of Thorns prevent it
parenchyma cell that from being eaten
last for many year by animals
******** PAGE 90 BS F4*****

P1 ;Molecule P is an inhibitor
P2: Rate of reaction by enzyme T decrease/ low
P3: Molecule P competes with substrate S to bind to
the active site
P4: Substrate S cannot bind with enzyme active site
P5: Enzyme-substrate complex cannot be formed
P6: Less product is produce
Dapat menerangkan fungsi mikronutrien K (klorin)
terhadap pertumbuhan pokok tersebut.
Able to explain the function of micronutrient K (chlorine)
on growth of the plant
3JENIS RANGKA
1.Rangka
dalam/endoskeleton
2.Rangka luar/
exoskeleton
3.Rangka hidrostatik
/hydrostatic skeleton
 melalui tendon
through tendon

P4. Maka, lengan diluruskan

Thus, the forearm is straightenin
P1. Pergerakan
semua arah/putaran
tidak berlaku

All
direction/rotational
movement does not
occur
P2. Kaki / femur /
anggota bawah tidak
dapat
diangkat/diayun

Leg/ femur/ lower

limb is not able to be
lifted

P3. Tidak dapat

berjalan (dengan
sempurna)/menenda
ng

Not able to walk

 SENDI LESUNG
• Membenarkan pergerakan berbentuk putaran dalam semua arah

Sendi punggung-antara
Contoh :sendi bahu-antara femur & lengkungan pelvis
humerus dengan lengkungan
pektoral
 SENDI ENGSEL
• Membenarkan pergerakantulang dalam satu satah.
• Terdapat pada:

Sendi siku-membenarkan
Contoh :sendi lutut-benarkan tangan dibengkuk &
kaki berayun kehadapan & diluruskan
kebelakang
P1: mengambil diet tinggi
kalsium
Consume diet high in calcium

P2. Makan lebih sayuran /

sayuran hijau /kuning / brokoli /
kubis

Eat more vegetables /

gree/yellow vegetables /
brocolli / cabbage

P3. Pengambilan makanan kaya

dengan vitamin D dan vitamin K

Eat foods rich in vitamin D and

vitamin K

P4. Mengekalkan berat badan

yang sihat
Maintain healthy weight

P4. Senaman berkala

Exercise regularly
Fototropisme / Phototropism

Auksin /Auxin
P1: Apabila auksin didedahkan kepada cahaya dari satu arah
sahaja, auksin akan menjauhi cahaya.
When auxin is exposed to light from one direction only, the
auxin will move away from the light
P2: Kepekatan auksin lebih tinggi di kawasan teduh
Concentration of auxin is higher in shaded area
P3: Sel bahagian teduh mengalami pemanjangan yang lebih
(berbanding sel pada bahagian yang tidak terkena cahaya)
Cells in the shaded part experience more elongation (Compare
to cells in the parts that are not exposed to light)
P4: Pucuk membengkok ke arah cahaya
Shoot bend towards light
P5: Pucuk menunjukkan fototropisme positif
Shoot shows a positive phototropism
Situasi Q // Situation Q
P1: Tomato matang akan membebaskan gas/
hormon etilena
Mature tomatoes release ethylene gas/ hormone
P2: (gas/ hormon) etilena yang terbebas akan
terperangkap di dalam bekas
Ethylene (gas/ hormone) that is released will be
trapped in the container
P3: (gas/ hormon) etilena akan merangsang
pemasakan buah
Ethylene (gas/ hormone) will stimulate ripening
of fruit
P4: Tomato akan masak dengan cepat
Tomatoes will ripen quickly
 Tubul berlingkar
Distal //
(Proses) Ultraturasan//
ultrafiltration(process) Distal convoluted
tubule

(Proses) penyerapan
semula /Reabsorption
(proces

S: Glomerulus// Glomerulus
T: Tubul berlingkar proksimal //
Proximal convoluted tubule
P1: Ion natrium/ Na+ dipam secara aktif (ke dalam jaringan
kapilari darah)
Sodium ion/ Na+ are actively pumped (into the blood capillary)
P2: Ion klorida/ Cl - dipam secara pasif (ke dalam jaringan
kapilari darah)
Chloride ion/ Cl - passively pumped (into the blood capillary)
P3: Glukosa/ Asid amino diangkut secara pengangkutan aktif
Glucose/ Amino acid are transported by active transport
P4: (Molekul) air meresap (ke dalam kapilari darah) secara
osmosis (Molecule) of water diffuse (into blood capillaries)
through osmosis
F1: Kurang minum air
Drinking less water
P1: (Menyebabkan) pendehidratan// Air kencing menjadi pekat
(Cause) dehydration// Urine becomes concentrated

F2: Pengambilan garam mineral/ kalsium berlebihan

Excess intake of mineral salt// calcium
P2: Menggalakkan pembentukan kalsium oksalat/ hablur kalsium
fosfat/ batu karang dalam ginjal
Promotes the formation of calcium oxalate/ calcium phosphate
crystals/ kidney stones
E1: (Batu karang) menyebabkan ureter tersumbat
(Kidney stones) cause blocked ureter
E2: Mengurangkan penghasilan air kencing
Reduced the production of urine
P : Mitosis / Mitosis
Q : Meiosis / Meiosis
P1:Pembahagian sel yang berlaku dalam organ pembiakan.
Cell division that occurred in reproductive organ.
P2:Menghasilkan gamet yang mempunyai bilangan kromosom
separuh (haploid) daripada bilangan kromosom sel induknya.
(diploid)
Produce gametes that have half number of chromosomes than the
number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Sindrom Down ./Down’s Syndrome
P1:Gentian gelendong gagal berfungsi ketika anafasa I atau anafasa
II.
Spindle fibres fail to function during anaphase I and anaphase II.

P2 : Kromosom homolog gagal berpisah(tak disjunksi) semasa

Anafasa 1
Homologous Chromosome fail to separate during Anaphase 1
Kromatid kembar gagal berpisah(tak disjunksi) semasa Anafasa 11
sister chromatid fail to separate during Anaphase 11

P3: Gamet mempunyai bilangan kromosom tidak normal( 22atau 24

kromosom)
Gametes have an abnormal number of chromosom( 22 or 24
chromosome)

P4:Jika persenyawaan berlaku antara gamet normal (23

kromosom)dengan gamet abnormal (24 kromosom) ,zigot akan
mempunyai 47 kromosom
If fertilisation between a normal gamete (23 chromosomes) and an
abnormal chromosome (24 chromosomes) occurs, the zygote will
BAHAGIAN B-ESEI

T : Nodus sinoatrium (SAN)

Sinoatrium node
P1;The sinoatrial node (SA) generates P1:Nodus sinoatrium menjana
electrical impulses impuls saraf.
P2:Electrical impulses spread rapidly P2:Impuls saraf merebak
in both the atria, dengan cepat dalam kedua-dua
P3:causing the atria to contract atrium P3:Atrium mengecut
simultaneously. secara serentak
P4:The contraction of the atria helps to P4:Pengecutan atrium
pump blood into the ventricles membantu mengepam darah ke
P5:The electrical impulses reach the dalam ventrikel
atrioventricular node. The electrical P5:Impuls kemudian sampai ke
impulses spread through the bundle nodus atrioventrikel (AVN)
of His, and the Purkinje fibres up to P6:Impuls saraf merebak dari
the apex of the heart. berkas His & gentian Purkinje
P6:The electrical impulses spread from sehinggalah ke apeks jantung
the apex of the heart to the whole ke seluruh dinding ventrikel.
ventricle wall. P7:Ventrikel mengecut untuk
P7:As a result, the ventricles mengepam darah keluar ke
contract to pump blood out to the peparu dan badan
lungs and bodyP2
MEROKOK
P1:Merokok meningkatkan risiko menghidap penyakit
kardiovaskular. Smoking increases the risk of developing
cardiovascular diseases.

P2:Asap rokok mengandungi nikotina

Cigarette smoke contain nicotine

P3:boleh merosakkan dan menyempitkan salur arteri. Can

damage and narrows the arteries

P4:Sekiranya arteri koronari menjadi sempit, kekurangan bekalan

oksigen ke otot jantung,boleh menyebabkan angina
If the coronary arteries become narrow, lack of oxygen supply to
the heart muscles,can cause angina.

P5:Asap rokok mengandungi karbon monoksida. Cigarette smoke

contain carbon monoxide.
P6:Karbon monoksida bersaing dengan oksigen untuk bergabung
dengan hemoglobin membentuk karboksihemoglobin. Carbon
monoxide competes with oxygen to combine with hemoglobin to
form carboxyhemoglobin. P7:Menjejaskan kecekapan
pengangkutan oksigen.
Affects oxygen transport efficiency
DIET YANG TIDAK SEIMBANG
P8:Diet yang tidak seimbang ialah makanan yang kaya dengan
lemak dan karbohidrat.
Unbalanced diet are foods rich with fats and carbohydrates.

P9:Pengambilan diet yang tidak seimbang menyebabkan

obesiti.
Unbalanced diet cause obesity.

P10:Kolesterol membentuk plak pada dinding arteri boleh

menyebabkan aterosklerosis.
Cholesterol forms plaques on the artery walls which can cause
atherosclerosis.

P11: Serangan jantung dan strok berlaku apabila darah tidak

dapat dihantar ke otak dan jantung.
Heart attacks and strokes occur when blood cannot be
delivered to the brain and hear
GAYA HIDUP YANG TIDAK SIHAT
P12:Kurang senaman fizikal dan gaya hidup yang kurang
pergerakan.
Lack of physical exercise and a sedentary lifestyle.

P13:Menyebabkan obesity /stress/ tekanan darah tinggi / serangan

jantung.
Causes obesity / stress / high blood pressure / heart attack.

Mana mana 10P Any 10P

Persamaan /Similarities
S1:Kedua-duanya mengandungi plasma tanpa protein
plasma
Both contain plasma without plasma proteins.

S2:Kedua-duanya tidak mengandungi eritrosit.

Both have no erytrocytes.

S3:Kedua-duanya tidak mengandungi platlet. Both have no

platelets.
Variasi ialah perbezaan ciri dalam organisma daripada populasi atau
spesies yang sama
. Variation is a characteristic dif erence in organisms from the same
population or species.
Contoh : Ketinggian / berat badan / warna kulit / jenis rambut /
kumpulan darah dll
Example : Tall / weight / skin colour / type of hair

ii.
P1:Membolehkan alam semula jadi memilih sifat-sifat baik.
Allowing nature to select good traits.
P2:Menjamin kemandirian spesies /Ensuring species independence
P3:Membenarkan pembiakan silang antara spesies.
Justify cross-breeding between species.
P4:Menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan persekitaran.
Enables to adapt better to changes in the environment.
P1: Pokok (Hydrangea sp)menghasilkan bunga berwarna biru dalam
keadaan tanah berasid
The tree (Hydrangea sp) produces blue flowers in acidic soil

P2: Menghasilkan warna merah jambu dalam keadaan beralkali.

Produces a pink color in alkaline conditions.

P3: Cahaya matahari dapat mengubah warna kulit manusia.

Sunlight can change the color of human skin.

P4: Orang yang sering bekerja di bawah cahaya matahari akan

mempunyai tona warna kulit yang lebih gelap.
People who often work under the sun will have a darker skin tone
.
P5: Bahagian badan kucing siam yang mempunyai kawasan bersuhu
rendah akan berwarna gelap.
The part of the Siamese cat's body that has a low temperature area will
be dark. Mana mana empat
P1: Mutasi kromosom / 45 kromosom
Chromosomal mutations / 45 chromosomes

P2:Tak disjungsi semasa spermatogenesis atau oogenesis

No disjunction during spermatogenesis or oogenesis

P3:Persenyawaan yang melibatkan gamet yang tidak normal

Fertilization involving abnormal gametes

P4:Menghasilkan zigot yang berkembang menjadi individu yang

mempunyai ciri-ciri tidak normal.
Produces a zygote that develops into an individual with abnormal
characteristics.

P5:Penyakit ini ialah Sindrom Turner

This disease is Turner Syndrome

P6:Perempuan yang mandul/ Barren women

P7:Kekurangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan

Lack of female secondary sex characteristics

P8:Buah dada dan ovarinya tidak berkembang

Her breasts and ovaries did not develop
BAHAGIAN C-ESEI
P1: (Aktiviti) Penyahutanan Deforestation (activity)
P2: Kandungan karbon dioksida meningkat di atmosfera
Carbon dioxide content in atmosphere increases
P3: Kurang karbon dioksida diserap oleh tumbuhan// Kadar
fotosintesis berkurang
Less carbon dioxide is absorbed// The photosynthesis rate
decreases
P4: (Karbon dioksida) memerangkap haba (Carbon dioxide)
trapped heat
P5: Menyebabkan suhu atmosfera meningkat
Causes the temperature of atmosphere increases
F1: (Proses) Eutrofikasi/ Eutropication (process)
P1: Baja nitrat/ fosfat berlebihan mengalir ke sungai/ kolam/ tasik
Excess nitrat/ phosphate fertilizer flow into rivers/ ponds/ lakes
P2: Peningkatan kandungan nitrat/ fosfat dalam air sungai/ kolam/ tasik
Increases nitrat/ phosphate content in river/ pond/ lake water
P3: Merangsang pertumbuhan alga secara pesat
Increase algal bloom
P4: Alga menutupi permukaan air
Algae covered the surface of water
P5: Menghalang penembusan cahaya matahari ke dalam sungai/ air/ kolam/ ta
Prevent the penetration of sunlight into river/ water/ pond/ tasik
P6: Kadar fotosintesis tumbuhan akuatik menjadi rendah
The photosynthesis rate of aquatic plants becomes low
P7: Kandungan oksigen terlarut dalam air menjadi rendah
Dissolved oxygen content in water becomes low
P8: Tumbuhan dan haiwan akuatik mati
Aquatic animals and plants die
P9: Meningkatkan populasi bakteria pengurai
Increases the population of decomposer
P10: Nilai BOD meningkat / Increase BOD level
P11: Air tercemar/ keruh / Water is polluted/ cloudy
P12: Habitat organisma akuatik musnah
The habitat of aquatic organisms is destroyed 1F+Mana-mana 6P
P1: Memberikan pengudaraan yang baik
Provide good ventilation
P2: Mengurangkan suhu persekitaran
Reduce the temperature of the environment
P3: Meningkatkan kandungan oksigen persekitaran Increase the
oxygen content of the environment
P4: Mengurangkan kandungan karbon dioksida persekitaran
Reduce the content of carbon dioxide of the environment P5:
Mengurangkan pencemaran bunyi// Menyerap bunyi persekitaran
Reduce the noises pollution//absorbs environmental noises
P6: Habitat alternatif haiwan/ tumbuhan
Alternative habitat for animals/ plants
P7: Dapat mengurangkan tekanan/ stress// Memberikan ketenangan
Can reduce stress// Give peace
P8: Menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga// Mengurangkan penggunaan
alat penghawa dingin
Save energy use// Reduce the uses of air conditioner

Mana-mana 5P/ Any 5P

P1: Menghasilkan ekoenzim daripada sisa buah-buahan sebagai agen
pembersih
Producing eco-enzymes from fruit waste into cleaning agents
P2: Mengitar semula sisa dapur/ sisa makanan untuk menghasilkan
baja organik/ penggalak pertumbuhan tanaman
Recycling kitchen waste/ food waste to produce natural fertilizer/
growth booster for crop
P3: Menghasilkan biogas daripada sisa pepejal organik Producing
biogas from organic solid waste
P4: Menghasilkan tepung daripada kulit pisang
Using banana peels to make flour
P5: Dijadikan bahan pembuatan bioplastik semula jadi
Can be used as an ingredient to produce natural bioplastic P6:
Menghasilkan baja foliar/ cecair daripada sisa dapur Producing liquid
foliar fertilizer from kitchen waste
P7: Sebagai penggalak pertumbuhan sayur-sayuran
To be used as growth booster for vegetables

Mana-mana 5P Any 5P