UNIT-1

What Is Cloud Computing ?

• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the

data and programs on remote servers that are hosted
on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or
local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based
computing
• The data that is stored can be files, images, documents,
or any other storable document.
The following are some of the Operations that can be
performed with Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data

• Delivery of software on demand

• Development of new applications and services

• Streaming videos and audio

How Cloud Computing Works?

• Infrastructure: Cloud computing depends on remote

network servers hosted on internet for store, manage,
and process the data.

• On-Demand Acess: Users can access cloud services and

resources based on-demand they can scale up or down
the without having to invest for physical hardware.

• Types of Services: Cloud computing offers various

benefits such as cost saving, scalability, reliability and
acessibility it reduces capital expenditures, improves
efficiency.
Origins Of Cloud Computing

• Mainframe computing in the 1950s and the internet explos

ion in the 1990s came together to give rise to cloud compu
ting. Since businesses like Amazon, Google, and Salesforce
started providing web-based services in the early 2000s.
The term “cloud computing” has gained popularity.
Scalability, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness are to be
facilitated by the concept’s on-demand internet-based
access to computational resources.
• These days, cloud computing is pervasive, driving a wide
range of services across markets and transforming the
processing, storage, and retrieval of data
What is Virtualization In Cloud Computing?

• Virtualization is the software technology that helps in providing the

logical isolation of physical resources. Creating logical isolation of
physical resources such as RAM, CPU, and Storage.. over the cloud is
known as Virtualization in Cloud Computing.
• In simple we can say creating types of Virtual Instances of
computing resources over the cloud.
• It provides better management and utilization of hardware resources
with logical isolation making the applications independent of others.
• It facilitates streamlining the resource allocation and enhancing
scalability for multiple virtual computers within a single physical
source offering cost-effectiveness and better optimization of
resources.
Architecture Of Cloud
Computing
1.Front end ( Fat client, Thin client)

2.Back-end platforms ( Servers, Storage )

3.Cloud-based delivery and a network ( Internet, Intranet,

Intercloud )
1. Front End ( User Interaction Enhancement )

• The User Interface of Cloud Computing consists of 2

sections of clients. The Thin clients are the ones that
use web browsers facilitating portable and lightweight
accessibilities and others are known as Fat Clients that
use many functionalities for offering a strong user
experience.
2. Back-end Platforms ( Cloud Computing Engine )

• The core of cloud computing is made at back-end

platforms with several servers for storage and
processing computing. Management of Applications
logic is managed through servers and effective data
handling is provided by storage. The combination of
these platforms at the backend offers the processing
power, and capacity to manage and store data behind
the cloud.
3. Cloud-Based Delivery and Network

• On-demand access to the computer and resources is

provided over the Internet, Intranet, and Intercloud. The
Internet comes with global accessibility, the Intranet
helps in internal communications of the services within
the organization and the Intercloud enables
interoperability across various cloud services. This
dynamic network connectivity ensures an essential
component of cloud computing architecture on
guaranteeing easy access and data transfer.
 CLOUD
•
COMPUTING
Cloud computing is a service provisioning technique where computing resources like hardware such as servers and storage
devices, software's and complete platform for developing applications are provided as a service by the cloud providers to

the customers.
•
CLOUD COMPUTING
Customers can use these resources as and when needed, can increase or decrease resource capacities dynamically

(Cont…)
according to their requirements and pay only for how much the resource were used.

• Customers no need to invest money to purchase, manage and scale infrastructures, software upgradation and software
licensing.
 Cloud Service Models
• The services that are provided by the cloud providers are broadly classified into three categories:

 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
 Cloud Service
•
Models
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): In Infrastructure-as-a-Service model, the service provider owns the hardware equipment's
such as Servers, Storage, Network and is provided as services to the clients. The client uses these equipment's and pays on
per-use basis.

• E.g. Amazon Elastic Compute (EC2) and Simple Storage Service (S3).
 Cloud Service
•
Models
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): In Platform-as-a-Service model, complete resources needed to Design, Develop,
Testing, Deploy and Hosting an application are provided as services without spending money for purchasing
and maintaining the servers, storage and software.

• PaaS is an extension of IaaS. In addition to the fundamental computing resource supplied by the hardware in an IaaS
offering, PaaS models also include the software and configuration required to create an applications.

• E.g. Google App Engine.

 Cloud Service
•
Models
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): In Software-as-a-Service model, the service provider provides software's as a service over the
Internet, eliminating the need to buy, install, maintain, upgradation and licensing on their local machine.

• E.g. Accounting, CRM, Google Docs are all popular examples of SaaS.
 Deployment
•
Models
Mainly there are four cloud deployment models ( 4 ways we can create/organize a cloud)
 Public Cloud

 Private Cloud

 Community Cloud

 Hybrid Cloud
 Cloud Deployment
•
Models (Cont…)
Public Cloud: A public cloud is a cloud in which services and infrastructure are hosted off-site by a cloud provider (owned by
an organization selling cloud services) and easily accessible to general public via internet.

• Private Cloud: Private Cloud is a cloud where services and infrastructure are operated for a single operation accessible via
private network, managed internally or by a third party. It is greater level of security.
 Cloud Deployment
• Community
Models (Cont…)
Cloud: Community Cloud is a cloud where services and infrastructure accessible by a group of
are organizations.

• Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid Cloud is a cloud which is a mixture of private and public cloud. In this type of cloud all critical and
sensitive applications and data are stored in private cloud and non critical and non sensitive applications and data are
stored in public cloud.
 Features of Cloud
• It is elastic: Cloud computing is Computing
flexible in nature, where users can scale up and scale down the resources as needed.

• Pay per use: Usage is metered and user pays only for how much the resources were used.

• Operation: The services are completely handled by the provider.

• Reduce capital cost: No need to invest money on purchasing and maintaining of hardware and software, software licensing,
training required for IT staff.

• Remote accessibility: Users can access applications and data stored on cloud from anywhere any time worldwide through a
device with internet connection.

• Better use of IT staff: Staff with in enterprise need not worry on purchasing and maintaining of servers, softwares, up
gradation of servers and softwares, software licensing etc., instead they can concentrate more on work.
 Cloud Services
IaaS-Amazon EC2, Google Compute
Examples:
Engine, Azure VMs
Amazon EC2
• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud is an Infrastructure as a Service offering from Amazon.

• EC2 is a web service that provides a computing capacity in the form of virtual machines.

• Amazon EC2 allows users to launch instances on demand using a simple web based interface.

• Amazon provides pre-configured Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) which are templates of cloud instances.

• Users can also create their own AMIs with custom applications, libraries and data.
 Cloud Services Examples:
IaaS-Amazon EC2, Google Compute
Engine, Azure VMs
Amazon EC2

• Amazon EC2 also provides instances with high memory, high CPU resources, Cluster Compute instances, Cluster
Graphical Processor unit (GPU)instances and high Input/Output instances.

• Instances can be launched with a variety of operating systems.

• Users can load their applications on running instances and rapidly and easily increase or decrease capacity to
meet dynamic application performance requirements.

• With EC2, users can even provision hundreds or thousands of server instances simultaneously, manage network
access permissions and monitor usage resources through web interface. (Create 2 VMs at 3 different places and
running applications, creating network among 3 and allowing data transfer among 3 VMs and monitoring resource usage)
 Cloud Services Examples:
IaaS-Amazon EC2, Google Compute
Engine, Azure VMs
Amazon EC2

• Amazon EC2 provides instances of various computing capacities ranging from Small Instances (Eg: 1 Virtual core with 1
EC2 compute unit, 1.7 GB memory and 160 GB instance storage) to Extra Large Instances (Eg: 4 Virtual cores with 2 EC@ compute unit each with 15GB
memory and 1690 GB instance storage).

• The pricing model for EC2 instances is based on Pay-Per Use model. Users are billed based on the number on
instance hours used for on demand instances.

• EC2 also provides spot instances that allow users to bid on unused Amazon EC2 capacity and run those
instances for as long as their bid exceeds the current spot price.
 Cloud Services Examples:
IaaS-Amazon EC2, Google Compute
Engine, Azure VMs
Amazon EC2
• The below figure shows screenshot of Amazon EC2 dashboard
 Cloud Services
IaaS-Amazon EC2,Examples:
Google Compute Engine, Azure VMs
Google Compute Engine
• Google Compute Engine (GCE) is an IaaS offering from Google.

• GCE provides virtual machines of various computing capacities ranging from small instances (Eg: Virtual core
with 1.38 GCE unit and 1.7 GB memory) to high memory machine types (8 virtual cores with 22 GCE unit and
52 GB memory.

• The below figure shows screenshot of Google Compute Engine dashboard

 Cloud Services Examples:
IaaS-Amazon EC2, Google Compute
Engine, Azure VMs
Windows Azure
• Windows Azure Virtual Machine is an IaaS offering from Microsoft.
• Azure VMs provides virtual machines of various computing capacities ranging from small instances (1 virtual
core with 1.75GB memory) to memory intensive machine types ( 8 virtual cores with 56GB memory).
• The below figure shows screenshot of Google Compute Engine dashboard.
 Examples:
PaaS-Google
• App
Google App Engine (GAE) is a Platform Engine
as a Service offering from Google.

• GAE is a cloud based web service for hosting web applications and storing data.

• GAE allows users to build scalable and reliable applications that run on the same systems that power Google’s
own applications.

• GAE provides a Software Development Kit (SDK) for developing web applications software that can
be deployed on GAE.
 Examples:
PaaS-Google
• App
Developers can develop and test their Engine
applications with GAE SDK on a local machine and then upload it to GAE with
a simple click of a button

• Applications hosted in GAE are easy to build, maintain and scale. Users don’t need to worry about launching
additional computing instances when the applications load increases.

• GAE provides automatic scaling and load balancing capability.

• GAE supports applications written in several programming language.

• With Java runtime environment developers can build applications using Java programming language and standard
Java technologies such as Java Servlets. GAE also provides runtime environment for Python programming languages.
 Examples:
PaaS-Google
• App
Applications hosted in GAE run in Engine
secure sandbox with limited access to the underlying operating system and
hardware.

• The pricing model for GAE is based on the amount of computing resources used.

• GAE provides free computing resources for applications up to a certain limit. Beyond that limit, users are billed
based on the amount of computing resources used such as amount of bandwidth consumed, number
of resource instance hours, amount of data stored.
 Examples:
PaaS-Google
• App
The below figure shows the screenshot of GAEEngine
dashboard.
 Cloud Services
Examples:
SaaS-Salesforce
Salesforce Sales Cloud

• Salesforce Sales Cloud is a cloud based Customer Relationship Management (CRM) SaaS offering.

• Users can access CRM application from anywhere through internet enabled devices such as workstations,
laptops, tablets and smartphones.

• Sales Cloud allows sales representatives to manage customer profiles, track opportunities, optimize campaigns
from lead to close and monitor the impact of campaigns. (A lead can be a company or an individual who has expressed interest
in a company's product and/or service).
 Cloud Services
Examples:
SaaS-Salesforce
Salesforce Service Cloud

• Salesforce Service Cloud is a cloud based Customer Service Management SaaS.

• Service cloud provides companies a call center like view and allows creating, tracking, routing and escalating
cases.

• Service cloud includes a social networking plug-in that enables social customer service where comments from
social media channels can be used to answer customer questions.
 Examples:
SaaS-
Salesforce
Salesforce Marketing Cloud
• Salesforce Marketing Cloud is cloud based social marketing SaaS.

• Marketing cloud allows companies to identify sales leads from social media, discover advocates, identify most
trending information on any topic.

• Marketing cloud allows companies to pro-actively engage with customers, manage social
advertisement campaigns and track the performance of social campaigns.

• The below figure shows a screenshot of Salesforce dashboard

 Examples:
SaaS-
Salesforce
Salesforce Marketing Cloud
• Some of the tools included in the Salesforce Sales, Service and Marketing Clouds include
 Accounts and Contacts
 Leads
 Opportunities
 Campaigns
 Chatter
 Analytics an Forecasts
What Are The Types of Cloud Computing
Services?

• The following are the types of Cloud Computing:

1.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2.Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3.Software as a Service (SaaS)

4.Function as as Service (FaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )

• Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized

computing resources such as VMs, Storage, and networks
facilitating users with control over the Operating system and
applications.

• Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost

savings with the elimination of physical infrastructure investments
making it cost-effective.

• Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of

hardware resources up or down as per demand facilitating optimal
performance with cost efficiency.
2. Platform as a Service ( PaaS )

• Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers

application development by keeping the underlying Infrastructure as an
Abstraction. It helps the developers to completely focus on application
logic ( Code ) and background operations are completely managed by
the AWS platform.

• Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the

Management of Infrastructure complexity, speeding up the Execution
time and bringing the updates quickly to market by streamlining the
development process.

• Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling,

guaranteeing the program’s workload efficiency is ensured by PaaS.
3. SaaS (software as a service)

• Collaboration And Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps

users to easily access applications without having the requirement of
local installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working as a
service over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and ease of
access.

• Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of

software maintenance with automatic latest updates ensuring users
gain experience with the latest features and security patches.

• Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the

overhead of IT support by eliminating the need for individual software
licenses.
4. Function as a Service (FaaS)

• Event-Driven Execution: FaaS helps in the maintenance of

servers and infrastructure making users worry about it. FaaS
facilitates the developers to run code as a response to the events.

• Cost Efficiency: FaaS facilitates cost efficiency by coming up

with the principle “Pay as per you Run” for the computing
resources used.

• Scalability and Agility: Serverless Architectures scale

effortlessly in handing the workloads promoting agility in
development and deployment.
What Are Cloud Deployment
Models?
The following are the Cloud Deployment Models:
1. Private Deployment Model

• It provides an enhancement in protection and customization by cloud

resource utilization as per particular specified requirements. It is
perfect for companies which looking for security and compliance
needs.

2. Public Deployment Model

• It comes with offering a pay-as-you-go principle for scalability and

accessibility of cloud resources for numerous users. it ensures cost-
effectiveness by providing enterprise-needed services.
3. Hybrid Deployment Model

• It comes up with a combination of elements of both

private and public clouds providing seamless data and
application processing in between environments. It
offers flexibility in optimizing resources such as
sensitive data in private clouds and important scalable
applications in the public cloud.
History of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing :
Cloud Computing referred as the accessing and storing of
data and provide services related to computing over the
internet. It simply referred as it remote services on the
internet manage and access data online rather than any
local drives. The data can be anything like images,
videos, audios, documents, files etc.
• Cloud Computing Service Provider’s :
Cloud computing is in huge demand so, big organization providing the service like
Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Alibaba cloud etc. are some Cloud
Computing service Provider.
• History of Cloud Computing :
In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also cover the history
of client server computing, distributed computing, and cloud computing.
• Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was used
where all the data and control of client resides in Server side. If a single user want
to access some data, firstly user need to connect to the server and after that user
will get appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages. So, After Client Server
computing, Distributed Computing was come into existence, in this type of
computing all computers are networked together with the help of this, user can
share their resources when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to
remove limitations faced in distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
• During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that
“Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.”
According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at
that time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the
technology they are using efficient enough for them. So, this
concept of computing was not appreciated much so and very less
will research on it. But as the time fleet the technology caught the
idea after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is
implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.

• This company started delivering an enterprise application over the

internet and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon
will provide storage, computation over the internet. In 2006
Amazon will launch Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service
which is open for Everybody to use.

• After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud

Computing Enterprise Application as other companies will see
the emergence of cloud Computing they also started providing
their cloud services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft
Azure and after that other companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle,
HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In today the Cloud
Computing become very popular and important skill.
Advantages :
• It is easier to get backup in cloud.

• It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and anytime.

• It allows us to access data via mobile.

• It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.

• One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database Security.

Disadvantages :
• It requires good internet connection.

• User have limited control on the data.

Evolution of Cloud Computing

• Cloud computing allows users to access a wide range of services stored

in the cloud or on the Internet. Cloud computing services include
computer resources, data storage, apps, servers, development tools,
and networking protocols. It is most commonly used by IT companies
and for business purposes.
• Evolution of Cloud Computing
• The phrase “Cloud Computing” was first introduced in the 1950s to
describe internet-related services, and it evolved from distributed
computing to the modern technology known as cloud computing. Cloud
services include those provided by Amazon, Google, and Microsoft. Cloud
computing allows users to access a wide range of services stored in the
cloud or on the Internet. Cloud computing services include computer
resources, data storage, apps, servers, development tools, and
networking protocols.
• Distributed Systems
• Distributed System is a composition of multiple independent
systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to the
users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources
and also use them effectively and efficiently. Distributed systems
possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency,
continuous availability, heterogeneity, and independence in
failures. But the main problem with this system was that all the
systems were required to be present at the same geographical
location. Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to
three more types of computing and they were-Mainframe
computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.
2. Mainframe Computing
• It was developed in the year 1951 and provides
powerful features. Mainframe Computing is still in
existence due to its ability to deal with a large amount
of data. For a company that needs to access and share
a vast amount of data then this computing is preferred.
Among the four types of computers, mainframe
computer performs very fast and lengthy computations
easily.
• The type of services handled by them is bulk processing
of data and exchanging large-sized hardware. Apart
from the performance, mainframe computing is very
expensive.
• Cluster Computing
• In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing. Each
machine in the cluster was connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth.
These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems. These were equally capable of
high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it was
required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem
related to geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid
computing was introduced.
• Grid Computing
• In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different systems
were placed at entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via
the internet. These systems belonged to different organizations and thus the grid
consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved some problems but new problems
emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The main problem which was
encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other
network associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of
grid computing”.
• Virtualization
• Virtualization was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a virtual
layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the
hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing. It is the base on which major cloud
computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization
is still one of the most common types of virtualization.
• Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients.
It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases
flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook,
Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only. It gained
major popularity in 2004.
• Service Orientation
• A service orientation acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost,
flexible, and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this computing
model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level
Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).
• Utility Computing
• Utility Computing is a computing model that defines service
provisioning techniques for services such as compute services along
with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which
are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.
• Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs
on remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the
computer’s hard drive or local server. Cloud computing is also referred
to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where the resource
is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that
is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other storable
document.
• Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Cost Saving

• Data Redundancy and Replication

• Ransomware/Malware Protection

• Flexibility

• Reliability

• High Accessibility

• Scalable
• Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Internet Dependency

• Issues in Security and Privacy

• Data Breaches

• Limitations on Control
Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing

• What is Parallel Computing?

• In parallel computing multiple processors performs multiple
tasks assigned to them simultaneously. Memory in parallel
systems can either be shared or distributed. Parallel
computing provides concurrency and saves time and money.
• Examples

• Blockchains, Smartphones, Laptop computers, Internet of

Things, Artificial intelligence and machine learning, Space
shuttle, Supercomputers are the technologies that uses
Parallel computing technology.
• Advantages of Parallel Computing

• Increased Speed: In this technique, several calculations are executed

concurrently hence reducing the time of computation required to complete
large scale problems.

• Efficient Use of Resources: Takes full advantage of all the processing units
it is equipped with hence making the best use of the machine’s
computational power.

• Scalability: Also the more processors built into the system, the more
complex problems can be solved within a short time.

• Improved Performance for Complex Tasks: Best suited for activities

which involve a large numerical calculation like, number simulation, scientific
analysis and modeling and data processing.
• Disadvantages of Parallel Computing

• Complexity in Programming: Parallel writing programming that

is used in organizing tasks in a parallel manner is even more
difficult than that of serial programming.

• Synchronization Issues: Interaction of various processors when

operating concurrently can become synchronized and result in
problem areas on the overall communication.

• Hardware Costs: The implementation of parallel computing does

probably involve the use of certain components such as multi-core
processors which could possibly be costly than the normal
systems.
• What is Distributed Computing?
• In distributed computing we have multiple autonomous computers
which seems to the user as single system. In distributed systems
there is no shared memory and computers communicate with each
other through message passing. In distributed computing a single
task is divided among different computers.
• Examples

• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Scientific Research and

High-Performance Computing, Financial Sectors, Energy and
Environment sectors, Internet of Things, Blockchain and
Cryptocurrencies are the areas where distributed computing is used.
• Advantages of Distributed Computing

• Fault Tolerance: The failure of one node means that this node is no longer part
of the computations, but that is not fatal for the entire computation since there
are other computers participating in the process thereby making the system more
reliable.

• Cost-Effective: Builds upon existing hardware and has flexibility in utilizing

commodity machines instead of the need to have expensive and specific
processors for its use.

• Scalability: The distributed systems have the ability to scale and expand
horizontally through the addition of more machines in the networks and therefore
they can take on greater workloads and processes.

• Geographic Distribution: Distributed computing makes it possible to execute

tasks at different points thereby eliminating latencies.
• Disadvantages of Distributed Computing

• Complexity in Management: The task of managing a distributed

system itself can be made more difficult since it may require dealing
with the latency and/or failure of a network as well as issues related to
synchronizing the information to be distributed.

• Communication Overhead: Inter node communication requirements

can actually hinder the package transfer between nodes that are
geographically distant and hence the overall performance is greatly
compromised.

• Security Concerns: In general, distributed systems are less secure as

compared to centralized system because distributed systems heavily
depend on a network.
Characteristics of Cloud
Computing
• There are many characteristics of Cloud Computing here are few of them :
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing
resources as needed.

2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.

3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale out
and in quickly and on a need basis. Whenever the user require services it is provided to him
and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.

4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an uncommitted
manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical resource.

5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant, it will
provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has been used. This is
done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or organizations)
on a single set of shared resources.

7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract underlying

hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users.

8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with redundancy and fault
tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability.

9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including pay-per-use,
subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option that best suits their needs.

10.Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data and
ensure the privacy of sensitive information.

11.Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to deploy and
manage resources with minimal manual intervention.

12.Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such as energy-
efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their environmental
impact.
Scalability and Elasticity in
Cloud Computing
• Cloud Elasticity: Elasticity refers to the ability of a cloud to automatically expand
or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down in the
requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently. This elasticity helps to
minimize infrastructural costs. This is not applicable for all kinds of environments, it
is helpful to address only those scenarios where the resource requirements fluctuate
up and down suddenly for a specific time interval. It is not quite practical to use
where persistent resource infrastructure is required to handle the heavy workload.
• The versatility is vital for mission basic or business basic applications where any split
the difference in the exhibition may prompts enormous business misfortune. Thus,
flexibility comes into picture where extra assets are provisioned for such application
to meet the presentation prerequisites.
• It works such a way that when number of client access expands, applications are
naturally provisioned the extra figuring, stockpiling and organization assets like
central processor, Memory, Stockpiling or transfer speed what’s more, when fewer
clients are there it will naturally diminish those as
per prerequisite.
• The Flexibility in cloud is a well-known highlight related with scale-out arrangements (level
scaling), which takes into consideration assets to be powerfully added or eliminated when
required.
• It is for the most part connected with public cloud assets which is generally highlighted in pay-per-
use or pay-more only as costs arise administrations.
• The Flexibility is the capacity to develop or contract framework assets (like process, capacity or
organization) powerfully on a case by case basis to adjust to responsibility changes in the
applications in an autonomic way.
• It makes make most extreme asset use which bring about reserve funds in foundation costs in
general.
• Relies upon the climate, flexibility is applied on assets in the framework that isn’t restricted to
equipment, programming, network, QoS and different arrangements.
• The versatility is totally relying upon the climate as now and again it might become negative
characteristic where execution of certain applications probably ensured execution.
• It is most commonly used in pay-per-use, public cloud services. Where IT managers are willing to
pay only for the duration to which they consumed the resources.
• Cloud Scalability: Cloud scalability is used to handle
the growing workload where good performance is also
needed to work efficiently with software or applications.
Scalability is commonly used where the persistent
deployment of resources is required to handle the
workload statically.
On-demand provisioning
• Dynamic provisioning or On-demand provisioning: With dynamic
provisioning, the provider adds resources as needed and subtracts them
as they are no longer required. It follows a pay-per-use model, i.e. the
clients are billed only for the exact resources they use. Consumers must
pay for each use of the resources that the cloud service provider allots to
them as needed and when necessary. The pay-as-you-go model is
another name for this. “Dynamic provisioning” techniques allow VMs to
be moved on-the-fly to new computing nodes within the cloud, in
situations where demand by applications may change or vary. This is a
suitable choice for programs with erratic and shifting demands or
workloads. For instance, a customer might want to use a web server with
a configurable quantity of CPU, memory, and storage. In this scenario,
the client can utilize the resources as required and only pay for what is
really used. The client is in charge of ensuring that the resources are not
oversubscribed; otherwise, fees can skyrocket.