REGENTROPFEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES
COURSE TITLE/CODE:
MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION CONTROL/NUR 105
GROUP FOUR
STUDENT NAMES AND ID
AMERIBA ABRAHAM Re250260BGN
STEPHANIE DORMEKOR Re250281BGN
PRESENTATION OUTLINE;
A.Introduction to tuberculosis.
B. History of tuberculosis.
C. Discovery of tuberculosis.
D.Causative organism of tuberculosis.
E. Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis.
F. The general risks factor or the causes of the tuberculosis.
G.Prevention or control measures of tuberculosis.
H.The current facts about tuberculosis.
I. Conclusion.
J. References
Introduction.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable disease caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis, affecting the lungs and causing 10 million
deaths annually. It is the leading cause of HIV-related deaths and
contributes to antimicrobial resistance. TB is present globally, with half
of the population in 8 countries. Approximately a quarter of the global
population is infected, but most will not develop the disease. People
with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV,
malnutrition, diabetes, or tobacco use a higher risk of falling ill.
History of tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis (TB) has ancient origins, with evidence of the disease
found in Egyptian mummies dating back over 4,000 years. The term
"tuberculosis" was derived from the Latin word (tuberculum), meaning
small lump, reflecting the characteristic lesions caused by the disease. In
the 19th century, TB became known as the "White Plague" due to its
widespread impact during industrialization, particularly in Europe.
History Con’t
Robert Koch revolutionized the understanding of TB in 1882 by identifying the
bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) as its cause. Vaccination efforts began in
the early 20th century with the development of the BCG vaccine in 1921, providing
hope for TB prevention. Advances in antibiotics, such as streptomycin in the 1940s,
marked significant progress in TB treatment, but drug-resistant strains have since
emerged as a global challenge. Today, tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest
infectious diseases.
Causative organism of tuberculosis.
The causative organisms of tuberculosis (TB) are,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species of the Mycobacterium
genus, such as
1. Mycobacterium bovis,
2. Mycobacterium africanum
3. Mycobacterium microti.
Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis.
TB germs usually grow in the lungs (pulmonary TB).
Active TB disease in the lungs may cause sign and symptoms such as:
1. A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
2. Pain in the chest
3. Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm) from deep inside the lungs.
4. Weight loss,
5. No appetite,
6. Chills,
7. Fever
Signs and symptoms Cont’d
8. Sweating at night.
9. TB disease of the lymph nodes may cause a firm red or purple
swelling under the skin.
10. TB disease of the kidney may cause blood in the urine.
11. TB meningitis (TB disease of the brain) may cause headache or
confusion.
12. TB disease of the spine may cause back pain.
13. TB disease of the larynx may cause hoarseness.
The general risks factor or the causes of the tuberculosis.
1. Close contact with TB patients: Living or working with someone who has
active TB increases the risk of infection.
2. Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV, AIDS, diabetes, and
malnutrition significantly increase the risk of developing TB.
3. Living in or traveling to high TB prevalence areas: Regions with high
rates of TB, particularly in parts of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, pose
a higher risk.
risks factor cont’d
4. Low quality living conditions: Overcrowded living environments,
inadequate ventilation, and poor sanitation contribute to the spread of
TB.
5. Low socioeconomic status: Limited access to healthcare and
resources increases the likelihood of both contracting and spreading TB.
6. Healthcare workers: Individuals working in healthcare settings where
TB patients are treated are at increased risk of exposure.
Prevention or control measures of tuberculosis.
Respiratory hygiene:
Always cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a
tissue or your elbow to prevent airborne transmission.
Isolation:
Individuals with active TB should limit contact with others and ideally
stay in a well-ventilated room separate from others.
Ventilation:
Ensure good air circulation in homes and public spaces to dilute airborne
TB bacteria.
Vaccination:
The BCG vaccine is recommended for children in high-risk areas to offer some
protection against TB.
Treatment adherence:
If diagnosed with TB, strictly follow the prescribed medication regimen to
prevent further transmission.
Screening and testing:
Individuals with potential risk factors should undergo TB skin tests or blood
tests to identify latent TB infections.
Healthcare worker protection:
Healthcare professionals caring for TB patients should wear appropriate
respiratory protection like N95 masks.
The current facts about tuberculosis.
A total of 1.25 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2023
(including 161 000 people with HIV).
In 2023, an estimated 10.8 million people fell ill with TB worldwide.
TB is present in all countries and age groups.
TB is curable and preventable.
Global efforts to combat TB have saved an estimated 79 million lives
since the year 2000.
Ending the TB epidemic by 2030 is among the health targets of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Conclusion.
Even with attempts to eradicate TB, the disease continues to pose a
serious danger to world health as incidence and fatality rates are
declining very slowly. To effectively combat tuberculosis, bold policies
must be prioritised in addition to solid health practices and effective TB
care. We will be unable to improve TB results without social safety,
universal health coverage, and proper nutrition.
References
Aufderheide, A. C., Anthropologica, I. C. O., & Ortner, D. J. (2018). Human paleopathology: current syntheses
and future options. Franklin Classics Trade Press.
Grmek, M. D. (1991). Diseases in the ancient Greek world. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Shields, M. D., Fleming, P. J., & Shields, L. K. (2020). Ethics in child health: A Practical Workbook.
Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
THE END
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