SOLID & HAZARDOUS

WASTE MANAGEMENT
WITH A HOLISTIC
APPROACH
Course Title of the Progra Total Number of contact hoursCredi
Code course m Core Lectur Tutoria Practic Total t
(PCR) / e (L) l (T) al (P) Hour (C)
Electiv s (H)
es
(PEL)

CHO SOLID & PEL 3 0 0 3 3

541 HAZARDOUS
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
WITH A HOLISTIC
APPROACH
 SYLLABUS
Module I:
Air Pollution: Sources, Health Hazards, global warming & climate change. Introduction
to water pollution, Introduction on sustainable development goal (SDG). Nature as a
collection of Units, Classification of Units into four orders, Interconnectedness and
mutual fulfilment among the four orders, Dependence of the human being on the
other three orders, my participation in nature, vision for holistic technologies,
production system and management models.
Relevant Regulations of waste management
Municipal solid waste (management and handling) rules;
hazardous waste (management and handling) rules;
biomedical waste handling rules;
Fly ash rules;
recycled plastics usage rules;
batteries (management and handling) rules.
[14hrs.]
Module II:
Municipal Solid Waste Management – Fundamentals
Sources; composition; generation rates; collection of waste; separation, transfer and
transport of waste; treatment and disposal options
Hazardous Waste Management – Fundamentals
Characterization of waste; compatibility and flammability of chemicals; fate and
transport of chemicals; health effects
Physicochemical Treatment of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Chemical treatment processes for MSW (combustion, stabilization and solidification
of hazardous wastes);
physicochemical processes for hazardous wastes (soil vapor extraction, air stripping,
chemical oxidation); ground water contamination and remediation.
[14hrs.]
Module III:
Biological Treatment of Solid and Hazardous Waste

Composting; bioreactors; anaerobic decomposition of solid waste;

Principles of biodegradation of toxic waste; inhibition; co-
metabolism; oxidative and reductive processes; slurry phase
bioreactor; in-situ remediation.
Landfill design for solid and hazardous wastes; leachate collection
and removal; landfill covers;
Thermal Treatment (Incineration)
Introduction on greywater management, Faecal sludge
management, Bio-degradable waste management.
Suggested Text Books:

1. Integrated solid waste management, G. Tchobanoglous, H. Theisen, S. A Vigil, Mc Graw Hill, 2019
2. John Pichtel Waste Management Practices CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group 2005.
3. LaGrega, M.D. Buckingham, P.L. and Evans, J.C.
4. Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw Hill International Editions, New York, 1994.

Suggested Reference Books:

5. Richard J. Watts, Hazardous Wastes - Sources, Pathways, Receptors John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1997.
6. Elements of Environmental Science and Engineering, P. Meenakshi, PHI (1 December 2012)
Environmental Pollution Control Engineering – C.S. Rao
INTRODUCTION

Absence of Solid
Waste Management
Solid Waste
Solid wastes are the organic and
inorganic waste materials such
as product packaging, grass
clippings, furniture, clothing,
bottles, kitchen refuse, paper,
appliances, paint cans, batteries,
etc., produced in a society, which
do not generally carry any value
to the first user(s)
 Solid Waste
Management
Solid Waste Management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control
of generation, collection, storage, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of
solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental
considerations.
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
1. Litter Surroundings

Due to improper waste disposal systems, particularly by municipal waste

management teams, wastes heap up and become a menace. While people clean
their homes and places of work, they litter their surroundings, which affect the
environment and the community. 10
2. Impact on Human Health
Improper waste disposal can affect the health of the population living nearby the polluted area
or landfills. The health of waste disposal workers and other employees involved with these
landfill facilities are also at a greater risk. Exposure to wastes that handled improperly can
cause skin irritations, respiratory problems, blood infections, growth problems, and even
reproductive issues.
3. Disease-causing Pests
This type of dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose
under improper, unhygienic and uncontrolled conditions. After a few days of decomposition, a
foul smell is produced, and it becomes a breeding ground for different types of disease-
causing insects as well as infectious organisms. On top of that, it also spoils the aesthetic value
of the area.
4. Environmental Problems
Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals.
When released to the environment, the solid wastes can cause biological
11 and
5. Soil and Groundwater Pollution
Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the groundwater. During the
process of collecting solid waste, hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and other
flammable wastes making the disposal process even harder and risky.
6. Emission of Toxic Gases
When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning
solvents, radioactive materials, e-waste and plastics mixed up with paper and other non-toxic
scraps are burned they produce dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other gases.
These toxic gases have the potential of causing various diseases, including cancer.
7. Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
Our carelessness with our waste and garbage also affects animals, and they suffer the effects of
pollution caused by improperly disposed of wastes and rubbish. Consuming styrofoam and
cigarette butts have been known to cause deaths in marine animals. Animals are also at risk of
poisoning while consuming grasses near contaminated areas or landfills as the toxins seep into the
soil. 12
Holistic solid waste management is a comprehensive approach to
managing waste that considers environmental, economic, and social
factors. It aims to minimize waste generation, promote recycling and
reuse, and ensure that waste is managed in a way that benefits both
people and the planet.

• Waste Prevention: The first and most crucial step is to reduce the
amount of waste generated. This involves designing products and
processes that minimize waste and encouraging practices that
reduce consumption. For example, using fewer packaging materials
or opting for reusable items.
Waste Reduction: This focuses on strategies to cut down the volume of waste
produced. It includes practices like composting organic waste, repairing and
reusing products, and making efficient use of resources.
Waste Recycling: Recycling involves processing used materials into new
products to prevent waste from ending up in landfills. It helps conserve natural
resources and reduces the need for raw materials. Effective recycling requires
sorting waste into categories like paper, glass, plastic, and metal.
Waste Reuse: Reuse extends the life of products and materials. For instance,
glass jars can be repurposed for storage, and old clothes can be donated or
repurposed. This reduces the need for new products and minimizes waste.
Waste Treatment: Waste treatment includes various methods to process waste
before disposal. Techniques such as incineration, composting, and anaerobic digestion
can help reduce the volume of waste and manage its environmental impact.
Waste Disposal: The final step is the disposal of waste that cannot be recycled or
reused. Modern disposal methods aim to minimize environmental impact. Landfills
should be managed to prevent leachate and methane emissions, while incineration
should use technology to control emissions.
Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public about waste management
practices is crucial. Awareness campaigns can encourage people to participate in
recycling programs, reduce waste, and adopt sustainable practices.
Policy and Regulation: Effective waste management requires strong policies and
regulations. Governments and organizations need to set standards for waste handling,
support recycling programs, and incentivize waste reduction practices.
Technology and Innovation: Leveraging new technologies can
improve waste management practices. Innovations in waste sorting,
recycling technologies, and waste-to-energy solutions can enhance
efficiency and effectiveness.
Implementing a holistic approach to solid waste management helps
create a more sustainable and resilient waste management system
that benefits the environment, economy, and society as a whole.
Fig 1: Classification of
Waste
Urban waste
Urban Waste comprises of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Sewage Sludge and
Construction & Demolition waste
Municipal Solid Waste
• Municipal Solid waste comprises of recyclable,
biodegradable as well as inert waste as shown in Figure
2.
• The biodegradable waste streams from urban hotspots
dominate the bulk of MSW mainly due to exorbitant
food and yard wastage from households.
• Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, such as
paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from the trash to use
to make new products, reducing the amount of virgin Fig. 2: Municipal Solid
raw materials needed. Waste

• Inert is the kind of waste that is neither chemically and

• In most of the Indian cities, the MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and
disposal is carried out by the respective municipal corporations and the state
governments enforce regulatory policies.
• To minimize the quantum of waste for disposal by optimal utilization of the potential of all
components, MSW is done by adopting the “concept of 5-R”— Reduce, Reuse, Recover,
Recycle and Remanufacture
• Municipal Solid Waste Management generates energy and other useful products and ensures
safe disposal of residual waste.
• A major fraction of urban MSW in India is biodegradable (51 per cent), recyclable (17.5 per
cent) and inert (31 per cent).
• If the current 62 million annual generation of MSW continues to be dumped without
treatment, it will need 3,40,000 cubic meter of landfill space everyday (1,240 hectare per
year). Considering the projected waste generation of 165 million tonnes by 2031, the
requirement of land for setting up landfill for 20 years (considering 10 meter high waste
pile) could be as high as 66 thousand hectares of precious land, which our country cannot
 Waste generation in the top 10 Indian Cities and their population

MSW generation rate per capita in the top 10 Indian Cities and growth rate

Source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/10962247.2020.17382
Sewage & Sludge
• Solid waste going into landfills has a serious impact on the environment, but disposal is not
our only concern. Waste water also needs to be managed in order to reduce threats to
public health, safety and the environment.
• Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension, it is more than 99 per
cent water and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition,
chemical constituents and the bacteriological organisms that it contains.
• Sludge is the semi-solid precipitate produced in wastewater treatment plants
originating from their process of treatment. Due to the physical-chemical processes
involved in the treatment, the sludge tends to concentrate heavy metals and poorly
biodegradable trace organic compounds as well as potentially pathogenic organisms
(viruses, bacteria, etc.) present in waste waters.
• Sludge is, however, rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous and contains
valuable organic matter that is useful when soils are depleted or subject to erosion.
• The organic matter and nutrients are the two main elements that make the spreading of this
kind of waste on land as a fertiliser or an organic soil improver suitable
24
Construction & Demolition Waste

• Construction & Demolition (C&D) waste is defined

as the solid waste generated by the construction,
remodeling, renovation, repair, alteration or
demolition of residential, commercial, government
or institutional buildings, industrial, commercial
facilities and infrastructures such as roads,
bridges, dams, tunnels, railways and airports.
Source based generation of construction and
demolition is shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3a: Construction & Demolition Waste

• Construction & demolition waste is considered as

high volume, low risk. It is commonly understood
that this waste can be considered a resource,
either for reuse in its original form or for recycling
• If suitably selected, ground, cleaned and sieved in
appropriate industrial crushing plants, these
materials can be profitably used in concrete. Despite
this, most C&D waste ends up in landfills in
developing countries.
• C&D waste constitutes a major portion of total
solid waste production in the world. C&D waste
is generated whenever any construction/ demolition
activity takes place, such as building, roads, bridges, Fig.3b: Construction &
flyover, subway, remodeling, etc., this waste is Demolition Waste

heavy, has high density, often bulky and occupies

considerable storage space either on the road or
communal waste bin.
• It is not uncommon to see huge piles of such waste
stacked on roads especially in large projects, resulting
Industrial Waste
Industrial Waste can be classified as
• Hazardous
• Non-Hazardous
• Waste Water

It can be discarded commercial products, like cleaning

fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of
manufacturing processes.
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is divided into listed wastes,
characteristic wastes, universal wastes and mixed Fig. 4: Hazardous Industrial
Waste
waste as shown in Figure 4. Waste Identification
Process details about the process for identifying,
characterizing, listing and delisting hazardous wastes.
Listed Wastes:
Wastes that Environmental Protection Agency (US) has determined are hazardous are termed as
Listed Wastes.
• The lists include the F-list (wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes), K-
list (wastes from specific industries), P-list and U-list (wastes from commercial chemical
products).
• The F-list (non-specific source wastes): This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing
and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing
operations. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of
industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources.
• The K-list (source-specific wastes): This list includes certain wastes from specific industries,
such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing. Certain sludges and wastewaters from
treatment and production processes in these industries are examples of source-specific wastes.
• The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products): These lists include specific
commercial chemical products in an unused form. Some pesticides and some pharmaceutical
Characteristic Waste:
Wastes that have not been specifically listed may still be considered a hazardous waste if they
exhibit one of the four characteristics as defined below.
Ignitability: Ignitable wastes can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously
combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C (140 °F). Examples include waste oils and
used solvents.
Corrosivity: Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than
or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums
and barrels. Battery acid is an example.
Reactivity: Reactive wastes are unstable under “normal” conditions. They can cause
explosions, toxic fumes, gases or vapours when heated, compressed, or mixed with water.
Examples include lithium-sulphur batteries and explosives.
Toxicity: Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g., containing
mercury, lead, etc.). When toxic wastes are land disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from
the waste and pollute ground water.
Mixed Wastes:
Waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous waste components. These industries
contribute majorly to the hazardous waste which are cyanides, complex aromatic compounds,
heavy metals, pesticides & high chemical reactivity. Due to wide geographical spread of
industrial unit in the country it becomes critical to handle these hazardous waste as they lead to
public health problems, environment contamination and degradation of natural resources.

Non-Hazardous Waste:
Non-hazardous or ordinary industrial waste (recyclable and non-recyclable) is generated by
industrial or commercial activities, but is similar to household waste by its nature and
composition such as fly ash, packaging waste, lime sludge, metal scrap, glass, etc. It is not toxic,
presents nohazard and thus requires no special treatment. These non-hazardous waste can be is
either recycled & reused or treated & disposed, safeguarding the environment, in compliance
with the statutory and regulatory requirements for quality, environment and Occupational,
Health & Safety (OHS).
The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) provides a
process to remove, or “delist,” a
waste generated at a facility
from the list of hazardous
wastes

RCRA regulations provide a

petition procedure to
exclude or "delist" a
particular facility's waste
from the list of hazardous
wastes if the waste does not
possess the dangerous
properties. While there are
two general types of
hazardous waste,
characteristic and listed,
only listed wastes can be
delisted.
Biomedical Waste

Biomedical waste (BMW) comprises waste generated

from hospitals, healthcare facilities and health research
laboratories. BMW is estimated to be only a small
fraction of the MSW generation. About 80 per cent of
this waste – called “general waste” – is non-infectious
and if segregated can be managed as MSW. However,
the remaining 20 per cent is infectious and hazardous
and hence is required to be treated in dedicated Fig 5: Biomedical Waste
facilities.
E-Waste

E-waste or electronic waste, broadly describes

loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, broken,
electrical or electronic devices. The problem of e-
waste has become an immediate and long-term
concern as it can lead to major environmental
problems endangering human health. The
Information Technology industry in India has
witnessed unprecedented growth in recent years
Fig 6: E -
and has revolutionized the way we live, work and Waste
communicate bringing countless benefits and
wealth to all its users. It has also led to
unrestrained resource consumption and an
alarming waste generation.
S No State Waste Generated S No State Waste Generated

1 Maharashtra 23844.551 TPD 18 Goa 236.41 TPD

2 West Bengal 14613.3TPD 19 Haryana 4635.79 TPD

3 Tamil Nadu 13968 TPD 20 Himachal Pradesh 389 TPD

4 Uttar Pradesh 17377 TPD 21 Jammu & Kashmir 828.33 TPD

5 Madhya Pradesh 8000 TPD 22 Jharkhand 2205 TPD

6 Andhra Pradesh 6440 TPD 23 Puducherry 599.25 TPD

7 Kerala 3903.023 TPD 24 Odisha 2564.43 TPD
8 Gujrat 10,716 TPD 25 Nagaland 339.5 TPD
9 Karnataka 11958 TPD 26 Manipur 284.40 TPD
10 Rajasthan 6625.56 TPD 27 Meghalaya 170.63 TPD
11 Arunachal Pradesh 270.96 TPD 28 Sikkim 75.1 TPD

12 Assam 1293.663 TPD 29 Punjab 4634.48 TPD

13 Bihar 2272 TPD 30 Telangana 8497 TPD
14 Chhattisgarh 1650 TPD 31 Tripura 389.46 TPD
15 Chandigarh 470 TPD 32 Uttarakhand 1527.458 TPD
16 Daman & Diu 105 TPD 33 Mizoram 251.42 MTD
17 Delhi 10817 TPD 34 Lakshadweep 35 TPD

35 Andaman & 105-120 TPD

Nicobar Islands

Ref: https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/MSW_AnnualReport_2018-19.pdf
(2018 -2019)
 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT

CASE STUDY ON THE LAST 3 YEAR WASTE

GENERATION IN INDIA
(2020 -2023)
https://cpcb.nic.in/status-of-implementation-of-solid-waste-
rules/
Sources of Solid Wastes in a
Community

38
Flow of materials and waste in an
industrial society
39
 Function of Pollution Control Board (PCB)
Pollution Control Boards are established at the State level, and the Central Board is at New Delhi.
The main function of PCB and the objectives of the Act may be listed as follows:
1. To advice, plan and implement policies concerning matters of prevention and control of pollution
2. To compile and publish technical data, information manuals and code of practices
3. To organise, encourage ,guide and assist in investigation ,training and research programmes.
4. To establish or to recognise the laboratories for analysing various parameters of pollution.
5. To advice on selection of the location of an industry and to notify any area for industrial purpose
6. To issue environmental “ no objection “ certificate to start the industry
7. to restrict the use of certain raw materials , to direct the use of approved appliances and to restrict emissions in
excess of permissible limits
8. To prescribe the effluent quality standard and to prohibit effluent discharges in rivers
9. To have safeguards against handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals
10. To frame rules and regulations needed to improve the quality of environment
11. To exercise authority to collect the samples for analysis and inspect the working conditions of pollution control
40
equipment in any industry
 Issues in Solid Waste Management
The following major issues must be considered in discussing the management of solid
wastes:
(1)increasing waste quantities;
(2)wastes not reported in the national MSW totals;
(3)lack of clear definitions for solid waste management terms and functions;
(4)lack of quality data,
(5)need for clear roles and leadership in federal, state, and local government;
(6)need for even and predictable enforcement regulations and standards, and
(7)resolution of intercounty, interstate, and intercountry waste issues for MSW and its
(1) Increasing waste quantities;
components.
In India, the volume of waste generation has been increasing rapidly over the last few years. According to the
“Swachhata Sandesh Newsletter” by the MoHUA, as of January 2020, 147,613 metric tonnes (MT) of solid waste is
generated per day, from 84,475 wards.

41
Waste Not Reported in the National MSW Totals :
In addition to the large volumes of MSW that are generated and reported nationally, larger quantities of solid waste are
not included in the national totals. For example, in some states waste materials not classified as MSW are processed in
the same facilities used for MSW. These wastes may include construction and demolition wastes, agricultural waste,
municipal sludge, combustion ash (including cement kiln dust and boiler ash), medical waste, contaminated soil, mining
wastes, oil and gas wastes, and industrial process wastes that are not classified as hazardous waste. The national volume of
these wastes is extremely high and has been estimated at 7 to 10 billion tons per year. Most of these wastes are managed at
the site of generation. However, if even 1 or 2 percent of these wastes are managed in MSW facilities, it can dramatically
affect MSW capacity. One or two percent is probably a reasonable estimate.
Lack of Clear Definitions: To date, the lack of clear definitions in the field of solid waste management (SWM) has
been a significant impediment to the development of sound waste management strategies. At a fundamental level, it
has resulted in confusion as to what constitutes MSW and what processing capacity exists to manage it. Consistent
definitions form the basis for a defensible measurement system. They allow an entity to track progress and to compare its
progress with other entities. They facilitate quality dialogue with all affected and interested parties.
42
Moreover, what is measured is managed, so if waste materials are not measured they are unlikely to receive careful
management attention. Waste management decision makers must give significant attention to definitions at the front end
of the planning process. Because all future legislation, regulations, and public dialogue will depend on these definitions,
decision makers should consider an open public comment process to establish appropriate definitions early in the
strategy development (planning) process.

Lack of Quality Data:

It is difficult to develop sound integrated MSW management strategies without good data. It is even more difficult to
engage the public in a dialogue about the choice of an optimal strategy without these data. While the federal government
and some states have focused on collecting better waste generation and capacity data, these data are still weaker than
they should be. Creative waste management strategies often require knowledge of who generates the
waste, not just what volumes are generated. MSW management strategies developed without quality data on the risks
and costs of all available options under consideration are not likely to optimize decision making and may, in some cases,
result in unsound decisions
43
Need for Clear Roles and Leadership in Federal, State, and Local Government:

Historically, MSW has been considered a local government issue. That status has become increasingly confused over the
past 10 years as EHS concerns have increased and more waste has moved outside the localities where it is generated. At
the present time, federal, state, and local governments are developing location, design, and operating standards
for waste management facilities. State and local governments are controlling facility permits for a range of issues
including air emissions, stormwater runoff, and surface and groundwater discharges in addition to solid waste
management. These requirements often result in the involvement of multiple agencies and multiple permits. While
product labeling and product design have traditionally been regulated at the federal level, state and local governments
have looked increasingly to product labeling and design as they attempt to reduce source generation and increase
recycling of municipal waste. Understandably, the current regulatory situation is becoming increasingly less efficient,
and unless there is increased cooperation among all levels of government, the current trends will continue. However, a
more rational and cost-effective waste management framework can result if roles are clarified and leadership is
embraced.

44
Need for Even and Predictable Enforcement of Regulations and Standards
The public continues to distrust both the individuals who operate waste facilities and the regulators who enforce proper
operation of those facilities. One key contributor to this phenomenon is the fact that state and federal enforcement
programs are perceived as being understaffed or weak. Thus, even if a strong permit is written, the public lacks
confidence that it will be enforced. Concern is also expressed that governments are reluctant to enforce regulations
against other government-owned or -operated facilities. Whether these perceptions are true, they are the crucial ones to
address if consensus on a sound waste management strategy is to be achieved.
Resolution of Intercounty, Interstate, and Intercountry Waste Issues for MSW and Its Components
The movement of wastes across juristictional boundaries (e.g., township, county, and state) has been a continuous issue
over the past few years, as communities without sufficient local capacity ship their wastes to other locations. While a
few receiving communities have welcomed the waste because it has resulted in a significant income source, most receiving
communities have felt quite differently. These communities have wanted to preserve their existing capacity, knowing they
will also find it difficult to site new capacity. Moreover, they do not want to become dumping grounds for other
communities’ waste, because they believe the adverse environmental impacts of the materials outweigh any short-term
financial benefit. 45
 The laws concerning Waste Management in India are:
Evolution of Laws
India is the first country in the world which has provided for
constitutional safeguards for the protection and preservation of the
environment. Environmental law, post-independence, started
growing its roots in India in the early 70’s. Inspired by the
Stockholm conference, India represented by its head of state, the
only nation to do so, various laws were passed. The Wildlife
(Protection) Act 1972 was the first such statute to be promulgated.

46
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (As Amended in 1978 and 1988) 1988)
 Specifying standards for sewage and industrial effluents discharge into water bodies
 Inspection of sewage or industrial effluent
 Pollution Control Board (PCB) has the Right to obtain any information regarding the construction, installation or
operation of an industrial establishment or treatment and disposal system
 PCB’s can issue orders restraining or prohibiting an industry from discharging any poisonous, noxious or polluting
matter in case of emergencies, warranting immediate action.
 PCB’s power to issue directions for Closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process
 Stoppage or regulation of supply electricity, water or any other service to industry in the prescribed manner.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (Amended in 1987)
 The provisions of the Air Act state that no person can establish or operate any industrial plant in an air pollution control
area without obtaining the consent from the concerned State Board.

47
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Amended in 1991)

 The Water Cess Act provides for the levy of a cess on water consumed by specified industries given in Schedule-I of the
Act and also local authorities entrusted with the duty of supplying water under the laws by or under which they are
constituted at the rates specified in Schedule-II of the Act.
 An industry which installs and operates its effluent treatment plant is entitled to a rebate of 25 per cent on the cess
payable.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

 Restricts areas in which any industries, operations, processes may not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to
certain safeguards
 Lays down safeguards for prevention of accidents and take remedial measures in case of such accidents
 Lays down procedures and safeguards for handling hazardous substances
 Non-compliance would lead to stoppage of supply of electricity, water or any other service for the Industry.

48
 The industry, operation or process requiring consent under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of
1974) and/or under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (84 of 1981) are required to submit the
Environmental Statement in prescribed “Form-V”, for the Financial Year ending 31st March to the concerned State
Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees in the Union Territories on or before 30th September every
year.

The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules, 1989
 Identifies the chemical which have acute toxicity owing to their physical & chemical properties and are capable
of producing major accidents hazards
 Records should be maintained for importing hazardous chemicals as specified in Schedule 10 and the records so
maintained shall be open for inspection by the concerned authority at the State or the Ministry of Environment and
Forests or any officer appointed by them in this behalf
 Threshold Quantity has been identified for hazardous chemical for the storage at isolated place.
 Safety norms and documentation have been identified for the storage and Import of Chemicals

49
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
 A mandatory policy to be taken by owners, users or transporters of hazardous substance as defined under
Environment (Protection) Act 1986 in excess of the minimum quantity specified under the Public Liability
Insurance Act 1991.
 The Act casts on the person, who has control over handling any hazardous substance, the liability to give the
relief specified in the Act to all the victims of any accident which occurs while handling such substance.
Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Notified 2008
 Gives procedure for handling hazardous wastes defining the responsibilities, grants as well as authority to
cancel authorization if failed to comply. Apart from this, various standards for recycling the hazardous waste,
Transboundary movement of hazardous waste in form of import & export procedure are mentioned which is to be
approved by central government.
 Thirty-six processes (industrial operations using mineral, petroleum refining, healthcare product,
electronic industry, chemical, paper industry, leather, etc.) have been identified for generating 107
hazardous waste. Waste management criteria for TSDF (Transfer, Storage & Disposal Facility) criteria have been
given. 50
 Categories of hazardous waste are mentioned along with their permissible generation quantity. Industries generating
any of these waste beyond the regulatory limits are required to seek authorization from the concerned state pollution
control board for its temporary storage in the premises and its disposal.

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

 The act mandates that the Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Schedule I
(Human Waste, Chemical waste, Liquid waste are to be incineration, Disinfection of chemical Treatment, deep burry
respectively) and in compliance with the standards prescribed in Schedule V (standards for treatment and disposal of
biomedical wastes)
 The prescribed authority may cancel or suspend an authorisation, if for reasons, to be recorded in writing, the
occupier/operator has failed to comply with any provision of the Act or these rules.

51
Batteries ( Management & Handling) Rules 2001
 Responsibilities of manufacturer, importer, assembler & re-conditioner are mentioned such as used batteries
to be collected back and sent only to registered recyclers.
 Importers should get Register under the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
 Custom clearance of imports of new lead acid batteries shall be contingent upon valid registration with Reserve Bank
of India, one time registration with the environment and Forests and undertaking in a Form.

Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

 Use of plastic materials in sachets for storing, packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and pan masala have been banned.
 In the new rule, food will not be allowed to be packed in recycled plastics or compostable plastics.
 Recycled carry bags shall conform to specific BIS standards

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E-waste Management & Handling Rules, 2011

 Rules shall apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-
waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or
components as specified in Schedule I.
 Responsibilities of the producer is to collect e-waste generated during the manufacturing and channelizing it to
the recycler.
 In case of non-compliance the SPCB/PCC may cancel or suspend the authorization issued under these rules for
such period as it considers necessary in the public interest.

53
 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
Application - These rules shall apply to every urban local body, outgrowths in urban agglomerations, census towns as
declared by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, notified areas, notified industrial townships, areas
under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbases, Ports and harbours, defence establishments, special economic
zones, State and Central government organisations, places of pilgrims, religious and historical importance as may be
notified by respective State government from time to time and to every domestic, institutional, commercial and any other
non residential solid waste generator situated in the areas except industrial waste, hazardous waste, hazardous chemicals,
bio medical wastes, e-waste, lead acid batteries and radio-active waste, that are covered under separate rules framed under
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Definition:
“Aerobic composting" means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of organic matter in the presence of
oxygen

54
"anaerobic digestion" means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of organic matter in absence of
oxygen

"authorisation" means the perrmssion given by the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, as the
case may be, to the operator of a facility or urban local authority, or any other agency responsible for processing and
disposal of solid waste;

"biodegradable waste" means any organic material that can be degraded by micro-organisms into simpler stable
compounds;

"bio-methanation" means a process which entails enzymatic decomposition of the organic matter by microbial action to
produce methane rich biogas;

"brand owner" means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered brand label.

"buffer zone" means zone of no development to be maintained around solid waste processing and disposal facility,
exceeding 5 TPD of installed capacity. This will be maintained within total and area allotted for the solid waste processing
and disposal facility.

55
"bulk waste generator" means and includes buildings occupied by the Central government departments or undertakings,
State government departments or undertakings, local bodies, public sector undertakings or private companies, hospitals,
nursing homes, schools, colleges, universities, other educational institutions, hostels, hotels, commercial establishments,
markets, places of worship, stadia and sports complexes having an average waste generation rate exceeding 100kg per
day;

"bye-laws" means regulatory framework notified by local body, census town and notified area townships for facilitating
the implementation of these rules effectively in their jurisdiction.

"census town" means an urban area as defined by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India;

"combustible waste" means non-biodegradable, non-recyclable, non-reusable, non hazardous solid waste having
minimum calorific value exceeding 1500 kcal/kg and excluding chlorinated materials like plastic, wood pulp, etc;

"composting" means a controlled process involving microbial decomposition of organic matter;

"contractor" means a person or firm that undertakes a contract to provide materials or labour to perform a service or do a
job for service providing authority;

56
"co-processing" means use of non-biodegradable and non recyclable solid waste having calorific value exceeding
1500k/cal as raw material or as a source of energy or both to replace or supplement the natural mineral resources and
fossil fuels in industrial processes;

"decentralised processing" means establishment of dispersed facilities for maximizing the processing of bio­degradable
waste and recovery of recyclables closest to the source of generation so as to minimize transportation of waste for
processing or disposal;

"disposal" means the final and safe disposal of post processed residual solid waste and inert street sweepings and silt
from surface drains on land as specified in Schedule I to prevent contamination of ground water, surface water, ambient
air and attraction of animals or birds;

"domestic hazardous waste" means discarded paint drums, pesticide cans, CFL bulbs, tube lights, expired medicines,
broken mercury thermometers, used batteries, used needles and syringes and contaminated gauge, etc., generated at the
household level

"door to door collection" means collection of solid waste from the door step of households, shops, commercial
establishments , offices , institutional or any other non residential premises and includes collection of such waste from
entry gate or a designated location on the ground floor in a housing society , multi storied building or apartments , large
residential, commercial or institutional complex or premises;.

57
"dry waste" means waste other than bio-degradable waste and inert street sweepings and includes recyclable and non
recyclable waste, combustible waste and sanitary napkin and diapers, etc;

"dump sites" means a land utilised by local body for disposal of solid waste without following the principles of
sanitary land filling;

"extended producer responsibility" (EPR) means responsibility of any producer of packaging products such as
plastic, tin, glass and corrugated boxes, etc., for environmentally sound management, till end-of-life of the packaging
products;

"facility" means any establishment wherein the solid waste management processes namely segregation, recovery,
storage, collection, recycling, processing, treatment or safe disposal are carried out;

"fine" means penalty imposed on waste generators or operators of waste processing and disposal facilities under the
bye-laws for non-compliance of the directions contained in these rules and/or bye- laws

"Form" means a Form appended to these rules;

"handling" includes all activities relating to sorting, segregation, material recovery, collection, secondary storage,
shredding, baling, crushing, loading, unloading, transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes;

58
"inerts" means wastes which are not bio-degradable, recyclable or combustible street sweeping or dust and silt removed
from the surface drains;

"incineration" means an engineered process involving burning or combustion of solid waste to thermally degrade waste
materials at high temperatures;

"informal waste collector" includes individuals, associations or waste traders who are involved in sorting, sale and
purchase of recyclable materials;

"leachate" means the liquid that seeps through solid waste or other medium and has extracts of dissolved or suspended
material from it;

" local body" for the purpose of these rules means and includes the municipal corporation, nagar nigam, municipal
council, nagarpalika, nagar Palikaparishad, municipal board, nagar panchayat and town panchayat, census towns, notified
areas and notified industrial townships with whatever name they are called in different States and union territories in India;

"materials recovery facility" (MRF) means a facility where non-compostable solid waste can be temporarily stored by the
local body or any other entity mentioned in rule 2 or any person or agency authorised by any of them to facilitate
segregation, sorting and recovery of recyclables from various components of waste by authorised informal sector of waste
pickers, informal recyclers or any other work force engaged by the local body or entity mentioned in rule 2for the purpose
before the waste is delivered or taken up for its processing or disposal;
59
"non-biodegradable waste" means any waste that cannot be degraded by micro organisms into simpler stable
compounds;

"operator of a facility" means a person or entity, who owns or operates a facility for handling solid waste which
includes the local body and any other entity or agency appointed by the local body;

“primary collection" means collecting, lifting and removal of segregated solid waste from source of its generation
including households, shops, offices and any other non-residential premises or from any collection points or any other
location specified by the local body;

"processing" means any scientific process by which segregated solid waste is handled for the purpose of reuse, recycling
or transformation into new products;

"recycling" means the process of transforming segregated non-biodegradable solid waste into new material or product or
as raw material for producing new products which may or may not be similar to the original products;

"redevelopment" means rebuilding of old residential or commercial buildings at the same site, where the existing
buildings and other infrastructures have become dilapidated;

60
"refused derived fuel"(RDF) means fuel derived from combustible waste fraction of solid waste like plastic, wood, pulp
or organic waste, other than chlorinated materials, in the form of pellets or fluff produced by drying, shredding,
dehydrating and compacting of solid waste ;

"residual solid waste" means and includes the waste and rejects from the solid waste processing facilities which are not
suitable for recycling or further processing;

"sanitary land filling " means the final and safe disposal of residual solid waste and inert wastes on land in a facility
designed with protective measures against pollution of ground water, surface water and fugitive air dust, wind-blown
litter, bad odour, fire hazard, animal menace, bird menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas emissions, persistent organic
pollutants slope instability and erosion;

"sanitary waste" means wastes comprising of used diapers, sanitary towels or napkins, tampons, condoms, incontinence
sheets and any other similar waste;

"Schedule" means the Schedule appended to these rules;

"secondary storage" means the temporary containment of solid waste after collection at secondary waste storage depots
or MRFs or bins for onward transportation of the waste to the processing or disposal facility;

61
"segregation" means sorting and separate storage of various components of solid waste namely biodegradable wastes
including agriculture and dairy waste, non biodegradable wastes including recyclable waste, non­recyclable combustible
waste, sanitary waste and non recyclable inert waste, domestic hazardous wastes, and construction and demolition
wastes;

"service provider" means an authority providing public utility services like water, sewerage, electricity, telephone, roads,
drainage, etc;

"solid waste" means and includes solid or semi-solid domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional
waste, catering and market waste and other non residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or collected from the
surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial waste, bio-
medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated in the area under the local authorities and other
entities mentioned in rule 2;

"sorting" means separating various components and categories of recyclables such as paper, plastic, card­boards, metal,
glass, etc., from mixed waste as may be appropriate to facilitate recycling;

"stabilising" means the biological decomposition of biodegradable wastes to a stable state where it generates no leachate
or offensive odours and is fit for application to farm land ,soil erosion control and soil remediation;

62
"street vendor" means any person engaged in vending of articles, goods, wares, food items or merchandise of everyday
use or offering services to the general public, in a street, lane, side walk, footpath, pavement, public park or any other
public place or private area, from a temporary built up structure or by moving from place to place and includes hawker,
peddler, squatter and all other synonymous terms which may be local or region specific; and the words "street vending"
with their grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall be construed accordingly;

"tipping fee" means a fee or support price determined by the local authorities or any state agency authorised by the State
government to be paid to the concessionaire or operator of waste processing facility or for disposal of residual solid waste
at the landfill;

"transfer station" means a facility created to receive solid waste from collection areas and transport in bulk in covered
vehicles or containers to waste processing and, or, disposal facilities;

"transportation" means conveyance of solid waste, either treated, partly treated or untreated from a location to another
lecation in an environmentally sound manner through specially designed and covered transport system so as to prevent the
foul odour, littering and unsightly conditions;

"treatment" means the method, technique or process designed to modify physical, chemical or biological characteristics
or composition of any waste so as to reduce its volume and potential to cause harm;

"user fee" means a fee imposed by the local body and any entity mentioned in rule 2 on the waste generator to cover full
or part cost of providing solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal services. 63
"vermi composting" means the process of conversion of bio-degradable waste into compost using earth worms;

"waste generator" means and includes every person or group of persons, every residential premises and non
residential establishments including Indian Railways, defense establishments, which generate solid waste;

"waste hierarchy" means the priority order in which the solid waste should be managed by giving emphasis to
prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal, with prevention being the most preferred option and
the disposal at the landfill being the least;

"waste picker" means a person or groups of persons informally engaged in collection and recovery of reusable and
recyclable solid waste from the source of waste generation the streets, bins, material recovery facilities, processing
and waste disposal facilities for sale to recyclers directly or through intermediaries to earn their livelihood.

64
Duties of waste generators.-

(1) Every waste generator shall,-

(a) segregate and store the waste generated by them in three separate streams namely bio-degradable, non bio-
degradable and domestic hazardous wastes in suitable bins and handover segregated wastes to authorised waste pickers or
waste collectors as per the direction or notification by the local authorities from time to time;
(b) wrap securely the used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads etc., in the pouches provided by the
manufacturers or brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping material as instructed by the local authorities and
shall place the same in the bin meant for dry waste or non- bio-degradable waste;
(c) store separately construction and demolition waste, as and when generated, in his own premises and shall dispose
off as per the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016; and
(d) store horticulture waste and garden waste generated from his premises separately in his own premises and dispose
of as per the directions of the local body from time to time.

65
(2) No waste generator shall throw, burn or burry the solid waste generated by him, on streets, open public spaces
outside his premises or in the drain or water bodies.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee for solid waste management, as specified in the bye-laws of the
local bodies.
(4) No person shall organise an event or gathering of more than one hundred persons at any unlicensed place
without intimating the local body, at least three working days in advance and such person or the organiser of such event
shall ensure segregation of waste at source and handing over of segregated waste to waste collector or agency as specified
by the local body.
(5) Every street vendor shall keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the course of his activity
such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall
deposit such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local body.
(6) All resident welfare and market associations shall, within one year from the date of notification of these rules
and in partnership with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators as prescribed in these rules,
facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste
pickers or the authorised recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off66 through
composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste
(7) All gated communities and institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area shall, within one year from the date of
notification of these rules and in partnership with the local body, ensure segregation of waste at source by the generators
as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to
either the authorised waste pickers or the authorizsd recyclers. The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and
disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be
given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local body.
(8) All hotels and restaurants shall, within one year from the date of notification of these rules and in partnership
with the local body ensure segregation of waste at source as prescribed in these rules, facilitate collection of segregated
waste in separate streams, handover recyclable material to either the authorised waste pickers or the authorised recyclers.
The bio-degradable waste shall be processed, treated and disposed off through composting or bio-methanation within the
premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local
body.

67
Duties of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.-
(1) The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change shall be responsible for over all monitoring the
implementation of these rules in the country. It shall constitute a Central Monitoring Committee under the Chairmanship
of Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change comprising officer not below the rank of Joint
Secretary or Advisor from the following namely,-
Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ministry of
Agriculture, Central Pollution Control Board, Three State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees by
rotation Urban Development, Departments of three State Governments by rotation Rural Development, Departments
from two State Governments by rotation, Three Urban Local bodies by rotation Two census towns by rotation FICCl, CII
Two subject experts
(2) This Central Monitoring Committee shall meet at least once in a year to monitor and review the implementation of
these rules. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change may co-opt other experts, if needed. The
Committee shall be renewed every three years.

68
Duties of Ministry of Urban Development.- (1) The Ministry of Urban Development shall coordinate with State
Governments and Union territory Administrations to,-
(a) take periodic review of the measures taken by the states and local bodies for improving solid waste management
practices and execution of solid waste management projects funded by the Ministry and external agencies at least once in a
year and give advice on taking corrective measures;
(b) formulate national policy and strategy on solid waste management including policy on waste to energy in
consultation with stakeholders within six months from the date of notification of these rules;
(c) facilitate States and Union Territories in formulation of state policy and strategy on solid management based on
national solid waste management policy and national urban sanitation policy;
(d) promote research and development in solid waste management sector and disseminate information to States and
local bodies;
(e) undertake training and capacity building of local bodies and other stakeholders;and
(f) provide technical guidelines and project finance to states, Union territories and local bodies on solid waste
management to facilitate meeting timelines and standards.
69
Duties of Department of Fertilisers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers.-
(1) The Department of Fertilisers through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide market development assistance on city compost; and
(b) ensure promotion of co-marketing of compost with chemical fertilisers in the ratio of 3 to 4 bags: 6 to 7 bags by the
fertiliser companies to the extent compost is made availablefor marketing to the companies.

Duties of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.- The Ministry of Agriculture through appropriate
mechanisms shall,-
(a) provide flexibility in Fertiliser Control Order for manufacturing and sale of compost;
(b) propagate utlisation of compost on farm land;
(c) set up laboratories to test quality of compost produced by local authorities or their authorised agencies; and
(d) issue suitable guidelines for maintaining the quality of compost and ratio of use of compost visa-a-vis chemical
fertilizers while applying compost to farmland.

70
Duties of the Ministry of Power.
-The Ministry of Power through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) decide tariff or charges for the power generated from the waste to energy plants based on solid waste.
(b) compulsory purchase power generated from such waste to energy plants by distribution company.
Duties of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources- The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources
through appropriate mechanisms shall,-
(a) facilitate infrastructure creation for waste to energy plants; and
(c) provide appropriate subsidy or incentives for such waste to energy plants.
Duties of the Secretary-in-charge, Urban Development in the States and Union territories.- (1) The Secretary, Urban
Development Department in the State or Union territory through the Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration
or Director of local bodies shall,-
(a) prepare a state policy and solid waste management strategy for the state or the union territory in consultation with
stakeholders including representative of waste pickers, self help group and similar groups working in the field of waste
management consistent with these rules, national policy on solid waste management and national urban sanitation policy of
the ministry of urban development, in a period not later than one year from the date of notification of these rules;
71
(b) while preparing State policy and strategy on solid waste management, lay emphasis on waste reduction, reuse,
recycling, recovery and optimum utilisation of various components of solid waste to ensure minimisation of waste going to
the landfill and minimise impact of solid waste on human health and environment;
(c) state policies and strategies should acknowledge the primary role played by the informal sector of waste pickers, waste
collectors and recycling industry in reducing waste and provide broad guidelines regarding integration of waste picker
or informal waste collectors in the waste management system.
Duties of District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner.- The District Magistrate or District
Collector or as the case may be , the Deputy Commissioner shall, -
(a) facilitate identification and allocation of suitable land as per clause (f) of rules 11 for setting up solid waste
processing and disposal facilities to local authorities in his district in close coordination with the Secretary-in-charge of
State Urban Development Department within one year from the date of notification of these rules;
(b) review the performance of local bodies, at least once in a quarter on waste segregation, processing, treatment and
disposal and take corrective measures in consultation with the Commissioner or Director of Municipal Administration or
Director of local bodies and secretary-in-charge of the State Urban Development.
72
Duties of the Secretary-in-charge of Village Panchayats or Rural Development Department in the State
and Union territory.-
(1) The Secretary-in-charge of Village Panchayats or Rural Development Department in the State and Union
territory shall have the same duties as the Secretary-in-charge, Urban Development in the States and Union
territories, for the areas which are covered under these rules and are under their jurisdictions.

Duties of Central Pollution Control Board. - The Central Pollution Control Board shall, -
(a) co-ordinate with the State Pollution Control Boards and the Pollution Control Committees for
implementation of these rules and adherence to the prescribed standards by local authorities;
(b) formulate the standards for ground water, ambient air, noise pollution, leachate in respect of all solid
waste processing and disposal facilities;
(c) review environmental standards and norms prescribed for solid waste processing facilities or treatment
technologies and update them as and when required;

73
(d) review through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees, at least once in a year, the
implementation of prescribed environmental standards for solid waste processing facilities or treatment technologies and
compile the data monitored by them;
(e) review the proposals of State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees on use of any new technologies
for processing, recycling and treatment of solid waste and prescribe performance standards, emission norms for the
same within 6 months;
(f) monitor through State Pollution Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees the implementation of these
rules by local bodies;
(g) prepare an annual report on implementation of these rules on the basis of reports received from State Pollution
Control Boards and Committees and submit to the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and the report
shall also be put in public domain;
(h) publish guidelines for maintaining buffer zone restricting any residential, commercial or any other construction
activity from the outer boundary of the waste processing and disposal facilities for different sizes of facilities handling more
than five tons per day of solid waste;

74
(i) publish guidelines, from time to time, on environmental aspects of processing and disposal of solid waste
to enable local bodies to comply with the provisions of these rules; and
(e) provide guidance to States or Union territories on inter-state movement of waste.
Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village Panchayats of census towns and urban
agglomerations.- The local authorities and Panchayats shall,-
(a) prepare a solid waste management plan as per state policy and strategy on solid waste management within
six months from the date of notification of state policy and strategy and submit a copy to respective departments of
State Government or Union territory Administration or agency authorised by the State Government or Union
territory Administration;
(b) arrange for door to door collection of segregated solid waste from all households including slums and
informal settlements, commercial, institutional and other non residential premises. From multi-storage buildings,
large commercial complexes, malls, housing complexes, etc., this may be collected from the entry gate or any other
designated location;

75
(c) establish a system to recognise organisations of waste pickers or informal waste collectors and promote and establish
a system for integration of these authorised waste-pickers and waste collectors to facilitate their participation in solid
waste management including door to door collection of waste;
(d) facilitate formation of Self Help Groups, provide identity cards and thereafter encourage integration in solid
waste management including door to door collection of waste;
(e) frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules within one year from the date of notification of
these rules and ensure timely implementation;
(f) prescribe from time to time user fee as deemed appropriate and collect the fee from the waste generators on its
own or through authorised agency;
(g) direct waste generators not to litter i.e throw or dispose of any waste such as paper, water bottles, liquor
bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, fruit peel, wrappers, etc., or bum or burry waste on streets, open public spaces,
drains, waste bodies and to segregate the waste at source as prescribed under these rules and hand over the segregated
waste to authorised the waste pickers or waste collectors authorised by the local body;

76
(h) setup material recovery facilities or secondary storage facilities with sufficient space for sorting of recyclable
materials to enable informal or authorised waste pickers and waste collectors to separate recyclables from the waste and
provide easy access to waste pickers and recyclers for collection of segregated recyclable waste such as paper, plastic,
metal, glass, textile from the source of generation or from material recovery facilities; Bins for storage of bio-degradable
wastes shall be painted green, those for storage of recyclable wastes shall be printed white and those for storage of other
wastes shall be printed black;
(i) establish waste deposition centres for domestic hazardous waste and give direction for waste generators to deposit
domestic hazardous wastes at this centre for its safe disposal. Such facility shall be established in a city or town in a
manner that one centre is set up for the area of twenty square kilometers or part thereof and notify the timings of
receiving domestic hazardous waste at such centres;
(ii) ensure safe storage and transportation of the domestic hazardous waste to the hazardous waste disposal facility or as
may be directed by the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee;
(k) direct street sweepers not to burn tree leaves collected from street sweeping and store them separately and handover
to the waste collectors or agency authorised by local body;
77
(l) provide training on solid waste management to waste-pickers and waste collectors;
(m) collect waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry and fish market on day to day basis and promote
setting up of decentralised compost plant or bio-methanation plant at suitable locations in the markets or in the vicinity
of markets ensuring hygienic conditions;
(n) collect separately waste from sweeping of streets, lanes and by-lanes daily, or on alternate days or twice a week
depending on the density of population, commercial activity and local situation;
( o) set up covered secondary storage facility for temporary storage of street sweepings and silt removed from
surface drains in cases where direct collection of such waste into transport vehicles is not convenient. Waste so collected
shall be collected and disposed of at regular intervals as decided by the local body;
collect horticulture, parks and garden waste separately and process in the parks and gardens, as far as possible;
(q) transport segregated bio-degradable waste to the processing facilities like compost plant, bio-methanation plant
or any such facility. Preference shall be given for on site processing of such waste;

78
(r) transport non-bio-degradable waste to the respective processing facility or material recovery facilities or
secondary storage facility;
(s) transport construction and demolition waste as per the provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste
management Rules, 2016;
(t) involve communities in waste management and promotion of home composting, bio-gas generation,
decentralised processing of waste at community level subject to control of odour and maintenance of hygienic conditions
around the facility;
(u) phase out the use of chemical fertilizer in two years and use compost in all parks, gardens maintained by the
local body and wherever possible in other places under its jurisdiction. Incentives may be provided to recycling
initiatives by informal waste recycling sector.

79
(v) facilitate construction, operation and maintenance of solid waste processing facilities and associated
infrastructure on their own or with private sector participation or through any agency for optimum utilisation of various
components of solid waste adopting suitable technology including the following technologies and adhering to the
guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development from time to time and standards prescribed by the Central
Pollution Control Board. Preference shall be given to decentralised processing to minimize transportation cost and
environmental impacts such as
a) bio-methanation, microbial composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate
processing for bio-stabilisation of biodegradable wastes;
b)waste to energy processes including refused derived fuel for combustible fraction of waste or supply as
feedstock to solid waste based power plants or cement kilns;

(w) undertake on their own or through any other agency construction, operation and maintenance of sanitary landfill
and associated infrastructure as per Schedule 1 for disposal of residual wastes in a manner prescribed under these rules;

80
(x) make adequate provision of funds for capital investments as well as operation and maintenance of solid waste
management services in the annual budget ensuring that funds for discretionary functions of the local body have been
allocated only after meeting the requirement of necessary funds for solid waste management and other obligatory
functions of the local body as per these rules;
(y) make an application in Form-I for grant of authorisation for setting up waste processing, treatment or disposal facility,
if the volume of waste is exceeding five metric tones per day including sanitary landfills from the State Pollution Control
Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be;
(z) submit application for renewal of authorisation at least sixty days before the expiry of the validity of authorisation;
z.a) prepare and submit annual report in Form 1 on or before the 30th April of the succeeding year to the Commissioner or
Director, Municipal Administration or designated Officer;
(z.b) the annual report shall then be sent to the Secretary -in-Charge of the State Urban Development Department or
village panchayat or rural development department and to the respective State Pollution Control Board or Pollution
Control Committee by the 31st May of every year;
(z.c) educate workers including contract workers and supervisors for door to door collection of segregated waste and
81
transporting the unmixed waste during primary and secondary transportation to processing or disposal facility;
(z.d) ensure that the operator of a facility provides personal protection equipment including uniform, fluorescent jacket,
hand gloves, raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to all workers handling solid waste and the same are used by the
workforce;
(z.e) ensure that provisions for setting up of centers for collection, segregation and storage of segregated wastes, are
incorporated in building plan while granting approval of building plan of a group housing society or market complex;
and
(z.f) frame bye-laws and prescribe criteria for levying of spot fine for persons who litters or fails to comply with the
provisions of these rules and delegate powers to officers or local bodies to levy spot fines as per the bye laws framed; and
(z.g) create public awareness through information, education and communication campaign and educate the waste
generators on the following; namely:-
(i) not to litter;
(ii) minimise generation of waste;
(iii) reuse the waste to the extent possible;
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(iv) practice segregation of waste into bio-degradable, non-biodegradable (recyclable and combustible), sanitary
waste and domestic hazardous wastes at source;
(v) practice home composting, vermi-composting, bio-gas generation or community level composting;
(vi) wrap securely used sanitary waste as and when generated in the pouches provided by the brand owners or a
suitable wrapping as prescribed by the local body and place the same in the bin meant for non­biodegradable waste;
(vii) storage of segregated waste at source in different bins;
(viii) handover segregated waste to waste pickers, waste collectors, recyclers or waste collection agencies; and
(ix) pay monthly user fee or charges to waste collectors or local bodies or any other person authorised by the local body for
sustainability of solid waste management.
(zh) stop land filling or dumping of mixed waste soon after the timeline as specified in rule 23 for setting up and
operationalisation of sanitary landfill is over;
(zi) allow only the non-usable, non-recyclable, non-biodegradable, non-combustible and non-reactive inert waste and pre-
processing rejects and residues from waste processing facilities to go to sanitary landfill and the sanitary landfill sites shall
meet the specifications as given in Schedule-I, however, every effort shall be made to recycle or reuse the rejects to
achieve the desired objective of zero waste going to landfill;
83
investigate and analyse all old open dumpsites and existing operational dumpsites for their potential of bio- mining and
bio-remediation and wheresoever feasible, take necessary actions to bio-mine or bio-remediate the sites;

(zk) in absence of the potential of bio-mining and bio-remediation of dumpsite, it shall be scientifically capped as per
landfill capping norms to prevent further damage to the environment.

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Duties of State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee.-
(1) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall,-
(a) enforce these rules in their State through local bodies in their respective jurisdiction and review
implementation of these rules at least twice a year in close coordination with concerned Directorate of Municipal
Administration or Secretary-in-charge of State Urban Development Department;
(b) monitor environmental standards and adherence to conditions as specified under the Schedule I and Schedule
II for waste processing and disposal sites;
( c) examine the proposal for authorisation and make such inquiries as deemed fit, after the receipt of the
application for the same in Form I from the local body or any other agency authorised by the local body;
(d) while examining the proposal for authorisation, the requirement of consents under respective enactments and
views of other agencies like the State Urban Development Department, the Town and Country Planning Department,
District Planning Committee or Metropolitan Area Planning Committee, as may be applicable, Airport or Airbase
Authority, the Ground Water Board, Railways, power distribution companies, highway department and other relevant
agencies shall be taken into consideration and they shall be given four weeks time to give their views, if any;

85
(e) issue authorisation within a period of sixty days in Form II to the local body or an operator of a facility or any
other agency authorised by local body stipulating compliance criteria and environmental standards as specified in
Schedules I and II including other conditions, as may be necessary;
(f) synchronise the validity of said authorisation with the validity of the consents;
(g) suspend or cancel the authorization issued under clause (a) any time, if the local body or operator of the facility
fails to operate the facility as per the conditions stipulated: provided that no such authorization shall be suspended or
cancelled without giving notice to the local body or operator, as the case may be; and
(h) on receipt of application for renewal, renew the authorisation for next five years, after examining every application on
merit and subject to the condition that the operator of the facility has fulfilled all the provisions of the rules, standards
or conditions specified in the authorisation, consents or environment clearance.
(i) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall, after giving reasonable opportunity of being
heard to the applicant and for reasons thereof to be recorded in writing, refuse to grant or renew an authorisation.

86
(h) In case of new technologies, where no standards have been prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board,
State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, shall approach Central
Pollution Control Board for getting standards specified.
(i) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, shall monitor the
compliance of the standards as prescribed or laid down and treatment technology as approved and the
conditions stipulated in the authorisation and the standards specified in Schedules I and II under these rules as
and when deemed appropriate but not less than once in a year.
(j) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee may give directions to local bodies for
safe handling and disposal of domestic hazardous waste deposited by the waste generators at hazardous waste
deposition facilities.
(k) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall regulate Inter-State movement of
waste.

87
88
89
Duty of manufacturers or brand owners of disposable products and sanitary napkins and diapers.-
(1) All manufacturers of disposable products such as tin, glass, plastics packaging, etc., or brand owners who introduce
such products in the market shall provide necessary financial assistance to local authorities for establishment of waste
management system.
(2) All such brand owners who sell or market their products in such packaging material which are non-
biodegradable shall put in place a system to collect back the packaging waste generated due to their production.
(3) Manufacturers or brand owners or marketing companies of sanitary napkins and diapers shall explore the
possibility of using all recyclable materials in their products or they shall provide a pouch or wrapper for disposal of each
napkin or diapers along with the packet of their sanitary products.
(4) All such manufacturers, brand owners or marketing companies shall educate the masses for wrapping and disposal of
their products.
Duties of the industrial units located within one hundred km from the refused derived fuel and waste to energy
plants based on solid waste- All industrial units using fuel and located within one hundred km from a solid waste based
refused derived fuel plant shall make arrangements within six months from the date of notification of these rules to
replace at least five percent of their fuel requirement by refused derived fuel so produced.
90
Criteria for Duties regarding setting-up solid waste processing and treatment facility.- (1) The department in-
charge of the allocation of land assignment shall be responsible for providing suitable land for setting up of the solid
waste processing and treatment facilities and notify such sites by the State Government or Union territory
Administration.
(2) The operator of the facility shall design and set up the facility as per the technical guidelines issued by the Central
Pollution Control Board in this regard from time to time and the manual on solid waste management prepared by the
Ministry of Urban Development.
(3) The operator of the facility shall obtain necessary approvals from the State Pollution Control Board or
Pollution Control Committee.
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall monitor the environment standards of
the operation of the solid waste processing and treatment facilities.
(5) The operator of the facility shall be responsible for the safe and environmentally sound operations of the solid
waste processing and or treatment facilities as per the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board from
time to time and the Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management published by the Ministry of Urban Development
and updated from time to times
91
(6) The operator of the solid waste processing and treatment facility shall submit annual report in Form III each year by
30th April to the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Committee and concerned local body.

Criteria and actions to be taken for solid waste management in hilly areas.- In the hilly areas, the duties and
responsibilities of the local authorities shall be the same as mentioned in rule 15 with additional clauses as under:
(a) Construction of landfill on the hill shall be avoided. A transfer station at a suitable enclosed location shall be
setup to collect residual waste from the processing facility and inert waste. A suitable land shall be identified in the plain
areas down the hill within 25 kilometers for setting up sanitary landfill. The residual waste from the transfer station shall be
disposed of at this sanitary landfill.
(b) In case of non-availability of such land, efforts shall be made to set up regional sanitary landfill for the inert and
residual waste.
(c) Local body shall frame Bye-laws and prohibit citizen from littering wastes on the streets and give strict direction
to the tourists not to dispose any waste such as paper, water bottles, liquor bottles, soft drink canes, tetra packs, any other
plastic or paper waste on the streets or down the hills and instead direct to deposit such waste in the litter bins that shall be
placed by the local body at all tourist destinations.

92
(d) Local body shall arrange to convey the provisions of solid waste management under the bye-laws to all
tourists visiting the hilly areas at the entry point in the town as well as through the hotels, guest houses or like where
they stay and by putting suitable hoardings at tourist destinations.
(e) Local body may levy solid waste management charge from the tourist at the entry point to make the solid
waste management services sustainable.
(f) The department in- charge of the allocation of land assignment shall identify and allot suitable space on the hills for
setting up decentralised waste processing facilities. Local body shall set up such facilities. Step garden system may
be adopted for optimum utilisation of hill space.
Criteria for waste to energy process.- (1) Non recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500 K/cal/kg or more shall
not be disposed of on landfills and shall only be utilised for generating energy either or through refuse derived fuel or by
giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse derived fuel.
(2) High calorific wastes shall be used for co-processing in cement or thermal power plants.
(3) The local body or an operator of facility or an agency designated by them proposing to set up waste to energy
plant of more than five tones per day processing capacity shall submit an application in Form-I to the State Pollution
Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, as the case may be, for authorisation.
93
(4) The State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee, on receiving such application for setting up
waste to energy facility, shall examine the same and grant permission within sixty days.

94
 SCHEDULE I
Specifications for Sanitary Landfills
Criteria for site selection-
(i) The department in the business allocation of land assignment shall provide suitable site for setting up of the solid
waste processing and treatment facilities and notify such sites.
(ii) The sanitary landfill site shall be planned, designed and developed with proper documentation of construction plan
as well as a closure planin a phased manner. In case a new landfill facility is being established adjoining an existing landfill
site, the closure plan of existing landfill should form a part of the proposal of such new landfill.
(iii) The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes processing facilities. Otherwise, wastes
processing facility shall be planned as an integral part of the landfill site.
(iv) Landfill sites shall be set up as per the guidelines of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and
Central Pollution Control Board.
(v) The existing landfill sites which are in use for more than five years shall be improved in accordance with the
specifications given in this Schedule.

95
(vi) The landfill site shall be large enough to last for at least 20-25 years and shall develop 'landfill cells' in a
phased manner to avoid water logging and misuse.
(vii)The landfill site shall be 100 meter away from river, 200 meter from a pond, 200 meter from Highways,
Habitations, Public Parks and water supply wells and 20 km away from Airports or Airbase. However in a special
case, landfill site may be set up within a distance of 10 and 20 km away from the Airport/Airbase after obtaining no
objection certificate from the civil aviation authority/ Air force as the case may be. The Landfill site shall not be
permitted within the flood plains as recorded for the last 100 years, zone of coastal regulation, wetland, Critical
habitat areas, sensitive eco-fragile areas .
(viii)The sites for landfill and processing and disposal of solid waste shall be incorporated in the Town Planning
Department's land-use plans.
(ix) A buffer zone of no development shall be maintained around solid waste processing and disposal facility,
exceeding five Tonnes per day of installed capacity. This will be maintained within the total area of the solid waste
processing and disposal facility. The buffer zone shall be prescribed on case to case basis by the local body in
consultation with concerned State Pollution Control Board.

96
(x) The biomedical waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the Bio-medical Waste Management Rules,
2016, as amended from time to time . The hazardous waste shall be managed in accordance with the Hazardous and
Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time. The E­waste
shall be managed in accordance with the e-Waste (Management ) Rules, 2016 as amended from time to time.
(xi) Temporary storage facility for solid waste shall be established in each landfill site to accommodate the waste in case
of non- operation of waste processing and during emergency or natural calamities.
Criteria for development of facilities at the sanitary landfills.-
(i) Landfill site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles, to prevent
entry of unauthorised persons and stray animals
(ii) The approach and / internal roads shall be concreted or paved so as to avoid generation of dust particles due to
vehicular movement and shall be so designed to ensure free movement of vehicles and other machinery.
(iii) The landfill site shall have waste inspection facility to monitor waste brought in for landfilling h, office facility
for record keeping and shelter for keeping equipment and machinery including pollution monitoring equipment. The
operator of the facility shall maintain record of waste received, processed and disposed.

97
(iv) Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of waste brought at landfill site, fire protection equipment
and other facilities as may be required shall be provided.
(v) Utilities such as drinking water and sanitary facilities (preferably washing/bathing facilities for workers) and
lighting arrangements for easy landfill operations during night hours shall be provided.
(vi) Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at landfill sites shall be carried out made.
(vii)Provisions for parking, cleaning, washing of transport vehicles carrying solid waste shall be provided. The
wastewater so generated shall be treated to meet the prescribed standards.

(C) Criteria for specifications for land filling operations and closure on completion of land filling.-
(i) Waste for land filling shall be compacted in thin layers using heavy compactors to achieve high density of the
waste. In high rainfall areas where heavy compactors cannot be used, alternative measures shall be adopted.
(ii) Till the time waste processing facilities for composting or recycling or energy recovery are set up, the waste
shall be sent to the sanitary landfill. The landfill cell shall be covered at the end of each working day with minimum 10
cm of soil, inert debris or construction material .

98
(iii) Prior to the commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-65 cm thickness of soil shall be placed
on the landfill with proper compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. Proper drainage shall be
constructed to divert run-off away from the active cell of the landfill.
(iv) After completion of landfill, a final cover shall be designed to minimize infiltration and erosion. The final
cover shall meet the following specifications, namely :--
a) The final cover shall have a barrier soil layer comprising of 60 cm of clay or amended soil with permeability
coefficient less than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.
b) On top of the barrier soil layer, there shall be a drainage layer of 15 cm.
c) On top of the drainage layer, there shall be a vegetative layer of 45 cm to support natural plant growth and to
minimise erosion.

99
Criteria for pollution prevention.-In order to prevent pollution from landfill operations, the following provisions
shall be made, namely:- (i) The storm water drain shall be designed and constructed in such a way that the surface runoff
water is diverted from the landfilling site and leachates from solid waste locations do not get mixed with the surface runoff
water. Provisions for diversion of storm water discharge drains shall be made to minimise leachate generation and prevent
pollution of surface water and also for avoiding flooding and creation of marshy conditions.
(ii) Non-permeable lining system at the base and walls of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste
processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches,
polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides) shall have liner of composite barrier of 1.5 mm thick high
density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or geo-synthetic liners, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or amended
soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two
meter below the base of clay or amended soil barrier layer provided at the bottom of landfills.
(iii) Provisions for management of leachates including its collection and treatment shall be made. The treated leachate
shall be recycled or utilized as permitted, otherwise shall be released into the sewerage line, after meeting the standards
specified in Schedule- II . In no case, leachate shall be released into open environment.
(iv) Arrangement shall be made to prevent leachate runoff from landfill area entering any drain, stream, river, lake or
pond. In case of mixing of runoff water with leachate or solid waste, the entire mixed water shall be treated by100
the concern
authority.
Criteria for water quality monitoring.-
(i) Before establishing any landfill site, baseline data of ground water
quality in the area shall be collected and kept in record for future
reference. The ground water quality within 50 meter of the periphery of
landfill site shall be periodically monitored covering different seasons in
a year that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period to ensure that
the ground water is not contaminated.
(ii) Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purpose
(including drinking and irrigation) shall be considered only after ensuring
its quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall
apply for monitoring purpose, namely:-

101
Criteria for ambient air quality monitoring.-
(i) Landfill gas control system including gas collection system shall be installed at landfill site to minimize odour, prevent
off-site migration of gases, to protect vegetation planted on the rehabilitated landfill surface. For enhancing landfill gas
recovery, use of geomembranes in cover systems along with gas collection wells should be considered.
(ii) The concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not exceed 25 per cent of the lower explosive limit
(LEL).
(iii) The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized for either direct thermal applications or
power generation, as per viability. Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to escape directly
to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting shall be allowed in case if its utilization or flaring is not possible.
(iv) Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be regularly monitored. Ambient air quality shall meet the
standards prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board for Industrial area.

102
Criteria for plantation at landfil Site.-
A vegetative cover shall be provided over the completed site in accordance with the following specifications, namely:-

(a) Locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures shall be planted;
(b) The selection of plants should be of such variety that their roots do not penetrate more than 30 cms. This condition shall
apply till the landfill is stabilized;
(c) Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with minimum nutrient addition;
(d) Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion.
(e) Green belts shall be developed all around the boundary of the landfill in consultation with State Pollution
Control Boards or Pollution Control Committees .

103
Criteria for post-care of landfill site.- (1) The post-closure care of landfill site shall be conducted for at least fifteen
years and long term monitoring or care plan shall consist of the following, namely :-'
(a) Maintaining the integrity and effectiveness of final cover, making repairs and preventing run-on and run-off from
eroding or otherwise damaging the final cover;
(b) Monitoring leachate collection system in accordance with the requirement;
( c) Monitoring of ground water in and around landfill;
(d) Maintaining and operating the landfill gas collection system to meet the standards.
(2) Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered for human settlement or
otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous emission and leachate quality analysis complies with the specified standards
and the soil stability is ensured.

104
Criteria for special provisions for hilly areas.-Cities and towns located on hills shall have location-specific methods
evolved for final disposal of solid waste by the local body with the approval of the concerned State Pollution Control Board
or the Pollution Control Committee. The local body shall set up processing facilities for utilisation of biodegradable
organic waste. The non-biodegradable recyclable materials shall be stored and sent for recycling periodically. The inert and
non-biodegradable waste shall be used for building roads or filling-up of appropriate areas on hills. In case of constraints in
finding adequate land in hilly areas, waste not suitable for road-laying or filling up shall be disposed of in regional landfills
in plain areas.
Closure and Rehabilitation of Old Dumps- Solid waste dumps which have reached their full capacity or those which will
not receive additional waste after setting up of new and properly designed landfills should be closed and
rehabilitated by examining the following options:
(i) Reduction of waste by bio mining and waste processing followed by placement of residues in new landfills or capping
as in (ii) below.
(ii) Capping with solid waste cover or solid waste cover enhanced with geomembrane to enable collection
and flaring / utilisation of greenhouse gases.
105
(iii) Capping as in (ii) above with additional measures (in alluvial and other coarse grained soils) such as cut-off walls
and extraction wells for pumping and treating contaminated ground water.
(iv) Any other method suitable for reducing environmental impact to acceptable level.

SCHEDULE II
Standards of processing and treatment of solid waste
Standards for composting.- The waste processing facilities shall include composting as one of the technologies for
processing of bio degradable waste. In order to prevent pollution from compost plant, the following shall be complied with
namely:-
(a) The incoming organic waste at site shall be stored properly prior to further processing. To the extent possible, the waste
storage area should be covered. If, such storage is done in an open area, it shall be provided with impermeable base with
facility for collection of leachate and surface water run-off into lined drains leading to a leachate treatment and disposal
facility;
(b) Necessary precaution shall be taken to minimize nuisance of odour, flies, rodents, bird menace and fire hazard;

106
(c) In case of breakdown or maintenance of plant, waste intake shall be stopped and arrangements be worked out for
diversion of waste to the temporary processing site or temporary landfill sites which will be again reprocessed when plant is
in order;
(d) Pre-process and post-process rejects shall be removed from the processing facility on regular basis and shall not be
allowed to pile at the site. Recyclables shall be routed through appropriate vendors. The non-recyclable high calorific
fractions to be segregated and sent to waste to energy or for RDF production, co-processing in cement plants or to thermal
power plants. Only rejects from all processes shall be sent for sanitary landfill site(s).
( e) The windrow area shall be provided with impermeable base. Such a base shall be made of concrete or compacted
clay of 50 cm thick having permeability coefficient less than 10-7 cm/sec. The base shall be provided with 1 to 2 per cent
slope and circled by lined drains for collection of leachate or surface run-off;
(f) Ambient air quality monitoring shall be regularly carried out. Odur nuisance at down-wind direction on the
boundary of processing plant shall also be checked regularly.
(g) Leachate shall be re-circulated in compost plant for moisture maintenance.
(h) The end product compost shall meet the standards prescribed under Fertilizer Control Order notified from time to
time. 107
In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following specifications for compost quality shall be met,
namely:-

108
B. Standards for treated leachates.-The disposal of treated leachates shall meet the following standards, namely:-

109
C. Standards for incineration: The Emission from incinerators /thermal technologies in Solid Waste treatment/disposal
facility shall meet the following standards, namely:-

110
 CLASSIFICATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS AND EFFECTS ON
ENVIRONMENT

The various types of water pollutants can be classified in to following major categories: (1) Organic pollutants, (2)
Pathogens, (3) Nutrients and agriculture runoff, (4) Suspended solids and sediments (organic and inorganic), (5)
Inorganic pollutants (salts and metals), (6) Thermal Pollution, and (7) Radioactive pollutants

1. ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Organic pollutants can be further divided into following categories:
a) Oxygen Demanding wastes: The wastewaters such as, domestic and
municipal sewage, wastewater from food processing industries, canning
industries, slaughter houses, paper and pulp mills, tanneries, breweries,
distilleries, etc. have considerable concentration of biodegradable organic
compounds either in suspended, colloidal or dissolved form. These wastes
Food Waste
undergo degradation and decomposition by bacterial activity.
b) Synthetic Organic Compounds
Synthetic organic compounds are also likely to enter the ecosystem through various manmade activities such
as production of these compounds, spillage during transportation, and their uses in different applications.
These include synthetic pesticides, synthetic detergents, food additives, pharmaceuticals, insecticides, paints,
synthetic fibers, plastics, solvents and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Most of these compounds are toxic
and biorefractory organics i.e., they are resistant to microbial degradation.
2. Oil
Oil is a natural product which results from the plant remains fossilized over
millions of years, under marine conditions. It is a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons and degradable under bacterial action, the biodegradation rate
is different for different oils, tars being one of the slowest. Oil enters in to
water through oil spills, leak from oil pipes, and wastewater from production
and refineries.

3. Pathogens
The pathogenic microorganisms enter in to water body through
sewage discharge as a major source or through the wastewater from
industries like slaughterhouses. Viruses and bacteria can cause water
borne diseases, such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, polio and
infectious hepatitis in human.
4. Nutrients
The agriculture run-off, wastewater from fertilizer industry and sewage contains substantial concentration of nutrients
like nitrogen and phosphorous. These waters supply nutrients to the plants and may stimulate the growth of algae and
other aquatic weeds in receiving waters. Thus, the value of the water body is degraded. In long run, water body reduces
DO, leads to eutrophication and ends up as a dead pool of water. People swimming in eutrophic waters containing
blue-green algae can have skin and eye irritation, gastroenteritis and vomiting. High nitrogen levels in the water supply,
causes a potential risk, especially to infants under six months.
5. Suspended Solids and Sediments

These comprise of silt, sand and minerals eroded from land.

These appear in the water through the surface runoff during rainy
season and through municipal sewers. This can lead to the
siltation, reduces storage capacities of reservoirs. Presence of
suspended solids can block the sunlight penetration in the water,
which is required for the photosynthesis by bottom vegetation.
Deposition of the solids in the quiescent stretches of the stream
or ocean bottom can impair the normal aquatic life and affect the
diversity of the aquatic ecosystem.
6. Inorganic Pollutants
Apart from the organic matter discharged in the water body through sewage and
industrial wastes, high concentration of heavy metals and other inorganic
pollutants contaminate the water. These compounds are non-biodegradable and
persist in the environment. These pollutants include mineral acids, inorganic
salts, trace elements, metals, metals compounds, complexes of metals with
organic compounds, cyanides, sulphates, etc.
The accumulation of heavy metals may have adverse effect on aquatic flora and
fauna and may constitute a public health problem where contaminated organisms
are used for food.
Algal growth due to nitrogen and phosphorous compounds can be observed.
Metals in high concentration can be toxic to biota e.g. Hg, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, and
Se. Copper greater than 0.1 mg/L is toxic to microbes.
7. Thermal Pollution

Considerable thermal pollution results due to discharge of hot water from thermal power plants, nuclear
power plants, and industries where water is used as coolant. As a result of hot water discharge, the
temperature of water body increases. Rise in temperature reduces the DO content of the water, affecting
adversely the aquatic life.
8. Radioactive Pollutants
• Radioactive materials originate from the following:
• Mining and processing of ores,
• Use in research, agriculture, medical and industrial
activities, such as I131, P32, Co60, Ca45, S35, C14, etc.
• Radioactive discharge from nuclear power plants and
nuclear reactors, e.g., Sr90, Cesium Cs137, Plutonium
Pu248, Uranium-238, Uranium-235,
• Uses and testing of nuclear weapons.
These isotopes are toxic to the life forms; they accumulate
in the bones, teeth and can cause serious disorders. The safe
concentration for lifetime consumption is 1 x 10 -7
microcuries per ml.
VARIOUS POLLUTANTS AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT
 CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand )
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down
organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period

• The standard 5-day BOD test is the most commonly used method to estimate the total quantity of biodegradable organic
material in wastewater.
• It is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days (BOD5) of
incubation at 20°C
• The results of the 5-day BOD test (abbreviated BOD 5) are considered to be estimates of the amount of oxygen that
would be consumed by microorganisms in the process of using the organic materials contained in a wastewater for food
for growth and energy.
• Some of the organic material will thus be converted to additional microorganisms. Some will be converted to carbon
dioxide and some to water.
 COD (Chemical oxygen demand )
• Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a second method of estimating how much oxygen would be depleted
from a body of receiving water as a result of bacterial action.
• Whereas the BOD test is performed by using a population of bacteria and other microorganisms to attempt
to duplicate what would happen in a natural stream over a period of 5 days, the COD test uses a strong
chemical oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate, to chemically oxidize the
organic material in the sample of wastewater under conditions of heat and strong acid.
• The COD test has the advantage of not being subject to interference from toxic materials as well as
requiring only 2
or 3 hours for test completion, as opposed to 5 days for the BOD test.
• It has the disadvantage of being completely artificial, but is nevertheless considered to yield a result that
may be used as the basis on which to calculate a reasonably accurate and reproducible estimate of the
oxygen-demanding properties of a wastewater.
• The COD test is often used in conjunction with the BOD test to estimate the amount of nonbiodegradable
organic material in a wastewater. In the case of biodegradable organics, the COD is normally in the range of
1.3–1.5 times the BOD. When the result of a COD test is more than twice that of the BOD test, there is good
reason to suspect that a significant portion of the organic material in the sample is not biodegradable by
pH, Acidity, and Alkalinity

• The term pH refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution, where
“aqueous solution” means either pure water or water with small (in terms of molar
amounts) quantities of substances dissolved in it.
• the normal pH range of 0 to 14, the pH of an aqueous solution is numerically equal to the
negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration (in moles per liter) and can be readily
Alkalinity and acidity are defined as the ability of an aqueous solution to resist a change in pH.
calculated using the following equation,
Alkalinity and acidity are measured by determining the quantity of a solution of acid or base, as
appropriate, of known concentration, that is required to completely neutralize its alkalinity or acidity.
Aqueous solutions (wastewaters, for example) that are high in either acidity or alkalinity are said to
be highly buffered and will not readily change in pH value as a result of influences such as bacterial
action or chemical reaction. Depending on the anion species involved in the alkalinity or acidity, an
aqueous solution can be buffered in low pH ranges, high pH ranges, or neutral (near pH 7) pH ranges

Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in the water. Oxygen enters the water by direct
absorption from the atmosphere, by rapid movement, or as a waste product of plant photosynthesis.
Turbidity
Turbidity refers to the light-scattering properties of a sample.
Turbidity can be described as “haziness” or “milkyness” and is
caused by fine particles scattering light at more or less 90
degrees to the direction from which the light enters the sample.
Turbidity is not to be confused with color, nor color with
Total Solids
turbidity.
Substances can exist in aqueous solution in either the dissolved or the undissolved state. The
residue that is left after evaporating a sample of water at 1030C is referred to as the total solids
value of that sample.
Suspended Solids
Solids that will not pass through a 0.45 micron filter are referred
to as total suspended solids (TSS). Because the standard method
for measuring TSS involves shaking the sample thoroughly before
filtering, the TSS actually includes all undissolved solids as
opposed to simply the dissolved solids that will not settle under
Total Volatile Suspended Solids (TVSS)
The standard method for estimating the quantity of undissolved organic material in a
wastewater sample is to perform a TSS test, as explained previously, and then to place
the 0.45 micron filter with the solids deposited thereon in a furnace at 600oC for a
sufficient time to “burn” all of the material that will oxidize to carbon dioxide at that
temperature. The material that remains on the filter after this procedure will not
combine with oxygen and volatilize as carbon dioxide at 600oC. These solids are
referred to as “fixed” solids and are considered to be the inorganic portion of the
suspended solids in the wastewater sample This value, subtracted from the TSS value,
produces the TVSS portion of the wastewater sample and is an estimate of the quantity
of undissolved organic material in the original wastewater sample.
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

A. Primary treatment

Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out by gravity. It includes the physical processes of
screening, comminution, grit removal, and sedimentation. Screens are made of long, closely spaced, narrow metal bars.
They block floating debris such as wood, rags, and other bulky objects that could clog pipes or pumps. In modern plants the
screens are cleaned mechanically, and the material is promptly disposed of by burial on the plant grounds. A comminutor
may be used to grind and shred debris that passes through the screens. The shredded material is removed later by
sedimentation or flotation processes.

Grit chambers are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow down the flow so that solids such as sand, coffee grounds,
and eggshells will settle out of the water. Grit causes excessive wear and tear on pumps and other plant equipment. Its
removal is particularly important in cities with combined sewer systems, which carry a good deal of silt, sand, and gravel
that wash off streets or land during a storm.
 Suspended solids that pass through screens and grit chambers are removed from the sewage in sedimentation
tanks. These tanks, also called primary clarifiers, provide about two hours of detention time for gravity settling to
take place. As the sewage flows through them slowly, the solids gradually sink to the bottom. The settled solids—
known as raw or primary sludge—are moved along the tank bottom by mechanical scrapers. Sludge is collected in
a hopper, where it is pumped out for removal. Mechanical surface-skimming devices remove grease and other
floating materials.
B. Secondary treatment

Secondary treatment removes the soluble organic matter that escapes primary treatment. It also removes more of the
suspended solids. Removal is usually accomplished by biological processes in which microbes consume the organic
impurities as food, converting them into carbon di oxide, water, and energy for their own growth and reproduction. The
sewage treatment plant provides a suitable environment, albeit of steel and concrete, for this natural biological process.
Removal of soluble organic matter at the treatment plant helps to protect the dissolved oxygen balance of a receiving
stream, river, or lake.

There are three basic biological treatment methods: the trickling filter, the activated sludge process, and the
oxidation pond. A fourth, less common method is the rotating biological contacter.
Secondary treatment
 Trickling filter
A trickling filter is simply a tank filled with a deep bed of stones. Settled
sewage is sprayed continuously over the top of the stones and trickles to
the bottom, where it is collected for further treatment. As the wastewater
trickles down, bacteria gather and multiply on the stones. The steady flow
of sewage over these growths allows the microbes to absorb the dissolved
organics, thus lowering the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the
sewage. Air circulating upward through the spaces among the stones
provides sufficient oxygen for the metabolic processes.
Settling tanks, called secondary clarifiers, follow the trickling filters.
These clarifiers remove microbes that are washed off the rocks by the flow
of wastewater. Two or more trickling filters may be connected in series,
and sewage can be recirculated in order to increase treatment efficiencies.
Trickling filter
 Activated sludge
The activated sludge treatment system consists of an aeration tank followed by a
secondary clarifier. Settled sewage, mixed with fresh sludge that is recirculated
from the secondary clarifier, is introduced into the aeration tank. Compressed air
is then injected into the mixture through porous diffusers located at the bottom of
the tank. As it bubbles to the surface, the diffused air provides oxygen and a rapid
mixing action. Air can also be added by the churning action of mechanical
propeller-like mixers located at the tank surface.

Under such oxygenated conditions, microorganisms thrive, forming an

active, healthy suspension of biological solids—mostly bacteria—called
activated sludge. About six hours of detention is provided in the aeration
tank. This gives the microbes enough time to absorb dissolved organics from
the sewage, reducing the BOD. The mixture then flows from the aeration
tank into the secondary clarifier, where activated sludge settles out by
gravity. Activated sludge Process
• Clear water is skimmed from the surface of the clarifier, disinfected, and discharged as secondary effluent. The
sludge is pumped out from a hopper at the bottom of the tank. About 30 percent of the sludge is recirculated back
into the aeration tank, where it is mixed with the primary effluent.
• This recirculation is a key feature of the activated sludge process. The recycled microbes are well acclimated to the
sewage environment and readily metabolize the organic materials in the primary effluent. The remaining 70 percent
of the secondary sludge must be treated and disposed of in an acceptable manner
 Oxidation pond

Oxidation ponds, also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large,

shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater through the interaction of
sunlight, bacteria, and algae. Algae grow using energy from the sun
and carbon dioxide and inorganic compounds released by bacteria in
water. During the process of photosynthesis, the algae release oxygen
needed by aerobic bacteria. Mechanical aerators are sometimes
installed to supply yet more oxygen, thereby reducing the required size
of the pond.

Sludge deposits in the pond must eventually be removed by

dredging. Algae remaining in the pond effluent can be
removed by filtration or by a combination of chemical
treatment and settling.

Oxidation pond
Rotating biological contacter
In this treatment system a series of large plastic disks mounted on a horizontal shaft are partially submerged in
primary effluent. As the shaft rotates, the disks are exposed alternately to air and wastewater, allowing a layer of
bacteria to grow on the disks and to metabolize the organics in the wastewater.

Rotating biological contacter

 C. Tertiary treatment
Removal of residual suspended solids (after secondary treatment),usually by granular medium filtration or
micro screens
Disinfection is also typically a part of tertiary treatment. Nutrient removal is often included in this
definition

Tertiary treatment consists of following processes and units

Membrane Filtration and Separation
Dechlorination and Disinfection Systems
Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
Ion Exchange
Activated Carbon Adsorption
Physical/Chemical Treatment
C. Tertiary treatment