CONCEPT OF MAN,

HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
JENELYN
O. MICUA RN
 LEARNING OUTCOMES1
1.Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health
sciences and humanities in a given health and nursing action.
2. Apply appropriate nursing concepts and nursing actions
holistically and comprehensively.
- justifying nursing as a profession, science and art.
3.Assess with the client,
 CONCEPT OF HEALTH
• 1. BIOMEDICAL CONCEPT- Health is nothing but the absence of dse
• 2. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT- dynamic equilibrium between human
beings and his surroundings.
3.PSYCHOLO GICAL CONCEPT- Health is not only a biomedical
phenomenon, but also influenced by some
social,
mental and economical factor.
4.HOLISTIC CONCEPT- Health implies a sound mind, sound body
in a sound environment.
What is….
• HEALTH – state of complete physical, mental and social
well – being and not merely the absence of a disease or
infirmity. WH0
CLAUDE BERNARD- the ability to maintain the INTERNAL
MILLIEU or failure to maintain the internal environment.
WALTER CANNON-the ability to maintain the
HOMEOSTASIS or dynamic equilibrium. Homeostasis is
regulated by the negative feedback mechanism .
• NIGHTINGALE- Health is being well and using one’s power to
the fullest extent and health is being maintained through
prevention of disease via ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
• HENDERSON-Health is viewed in terms of individuals ability to
perform 14 components of nursing care unaided.
• ROGERS- Health symbolizes WELLNESS. It is a value defined
by the culture of an individual.
• ROY- Health is a state and a process of being and becoming
an
INTEGRATED AND WHOLE PERSON.
OREM- Characterized by soudness or wholeness of developed
KING- Health is a DYNAMIC STATE IN THE LIFE CYCLE.

NEUMAN- All parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony

with
the whole system.

JOHNSON- Elusive, dynamic state influenced by biologic,

psychologic,
factors. INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTEGRATION OF THE
BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM.
• FACTORS AND ISSUES AFFECTING HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
1.PHYSICAL DIMENSION- GENETICS, AGE, DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL, RACE,
AND SEX.
2.EMOTIONAL DIMENTION- HOW THE BODY INTERACTS TO AFFECT BODY
FUNCTIONING, AND RESPONDS TO BODY CONDITIONS ALSO INFLUENCE HEALTH.
3. INTELLECTUAL DIMENSION- ENCOMPASES COGNITIVE ABILITIES,
PAST EXPERIENCES, THE CLIENT’S RESPONSE TO HEALTH TEACHING.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION- SANITATION, CLIMATE, AIR POLLUTION,
FOOD AND WATER.
5. SOCIO.CULTURAL DIMENSION- HEALTH PRACTICES, BELIEFS, LIFESTYLE
AND CULTURE
• 5. SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION- lifestyle and culture
• 6. SPIRITUAL DIMENSION- religious or spiritual beliefs
• MODELS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
1.The health and illness continuum
2. Health Belief Model (HBM)
3. Smith’s Model of health
4. Leavell and Clark’s Model – Host –Environment Model
(Ecologic Model)
5. Health Promotion Model (Pender)
• 1. DUNN’ S THEORY ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS
CONTINUUM
DUNN’ THEORY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS
• HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS-(HLW) - AN integrated method of
functioning that is oriented towards maximizing one’s
potential.

PRECURSORS OF ILLNESS
1. HEREDITY-
2.BEHAVIORAL FACTORS
3.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• 2. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (HBM) BECKER, 1975
- Describes the relationship between a person’s belief and
behavior.
- individual perceptions and modifying factors may influence
health beliefs and preventive health behavior.

*individual’s perception include the ff:

1. perceived susceptibility to illness- ex: family h/x of DM
2. perceived seriousness of an illness- lifelong dse.
3. perceived threat of an illness- causes damage to the brain,
heart, kidneys and BV.
 3. SMITH’ S MODEL OF HEALTH
1.CLINICAL MODEL- Views people as physiologic system with
related functions and identities, health as the absence of S/S
Disease or injury.
2.ROLE PERFORMANCE MODEL- Defines health in terms of
individual ability to fullfill societal role such as performing work.
3.ADAPTIVE MODEL- Focuses on adaptation.
4.EUDAEMONISTIC MODEL- condition of actualization or
realization of a person’s potential.
 4. LEAVEL AND CLARK’S AGENT – HOST ENV’TAL
MODEL
-There are 3 interactive factors as follows:
1.Agent
2.Host
3.Environment
5. HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
- Describes the multi-dimensional nature of a person
as they interact within the environment.
a. Individual perception b. Modifying factors
• CONCEPT OF ILLNESS
ILLNESS- is a personal state in which the person’s feel unhealthy.
- state in which a persons’s physical, emotional, intellectua
social, developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
DISEASE- an alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of
capacities or a shortening of the normal life span-
STAGES OF ILLNESS
1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCE – SOMETHING IS WRONG
3 ASPECTs
1. Physical- fever, muscle aches, headache, malaise
2.Cognitive- perception of having flu.
3.emotional- worry on consequence of illness
2.ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE
- acceptance of the illness, seeks advice.
3.MEDICAL CARE CONTROL-
- seeks advice of health professionals for validation of real
illness.
4. DEPENDENT PATIENT ROLE
-becomes more passive and accepting
5.RECOVERY/REHABILITATION
-gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and
functions.
• RISK FACTORS- variables that increases the vulnerability of an individual to
an illness or accident or increases the chance that an individual will
experience.
• 1.genetics and physiological factors
- EX: a person with a hx. of DM is at risk for developing heart disease later
in life.
2. Age- EX: risk of birth defects and complications of pregnancy
increases in women bearing children after age 35.
3. Environment- disease may likely to develop if they are exposed
to certain chemicals, or near toxic waste disposal sites.
4.Lifestyle- habits that put a person at risk for illness

-
 PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO STRESS AND ILLNESS
• * MODERN STRESS THEORY- HANS SELYE
STRESS- nonspecific response of the body to any demand made
upon it.
ADAPTATION- the adjustment that a person make in different situation
TYPES OF ADAPTATION
1. GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS) – man whenever he responds to stress. The
entire body is involved.

STAGES OF GAS : 1. STAGES OF ALARM (SA)-awareness for the presence of threat

- fight or flight reaction
2. STAGES OF RESISTANCE (SR)
-CHARACTERIZED BY ADAPTATION
- the persons goes back to homeostasis.
HOMEOSTATSIS- a state of dynamic equilibrium, stability
3. STAGES OF EXHAUSTION- results from prolonged exposures to stress mechanism can no
longer persist.

• 2. LOCAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (LAS)- man may respond to stress through a particular
body part. EX: inflammation
• STAGES OF INFECTIOUS PROCESS
1. INCUBATION PERIOD- extends from the entry of microorganisms into the body to the
onset of signs and symptoms.
2. PRODROMAL PERIOD- extends from the onset of non- specific s/s to the appearance of
specific signs and symptoms
3.ILLNESS PERIOD- specific signs and symptoms develop and become evident.
4. CONVALESCENT PERIOD- signs and symptoms start to abate until the client returns to
normal state of health.

THE CHAIN OF INFECTION

1. ETIOLOGIC AGENT – Microorganisms
2. RESERVIOR- humans, plants, animals, general env’t 9 air. H20, food,
soil)
3. PORTAL OF EXIT- respiratory tract- droplets, sputum
• - Gastrointestinal Tract- feces, saliva, drainage tubes
• - Urinary tract- semen- semen, vaginal discharge
• - Blood- open wound, needle puncture site
4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
a. Direct contact- immediate transfer from person to person
b. Indirect contact- susceptible host is expost to a contaminated host.
- such as needle, dressing and surgical instrument.
2. DROPLET TRANSMISSION- mucous membrane of the nose, mouth or
conjunctiva are exposed to secretions of an infected person who is
coughing, talking within a distance of 3 feet.
• 3. VEHICLE TRANSMISSION- transfer of microorganisms by way of vehicles
or contaminated items that transmit pathogens.
Examples; food, water, blood, utensils, mattress
4.AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION- fine particles are suspended in the air, which
can be inhaled or deposited in the skin of susceptible host.
5. VECTORBORNE TRANSMISSION- biologic/ mechanical
a. biologic- animals
b. mechanical – inanimate objects that are infected with body fluids.
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY- pathogens can enter susceptible hosts trough body
opennings such as the mouth, nose, ears, vagina, urethra and the rectum.
6.SUSCEPTIBLE HOST- a perso:n who is at risk for infection, who owns the
body defense mechanisms, when exposed are unable to withsatand the
invasion of pathogens : elderly, malnourished children, leukemic clients
 TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
1. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION- ANTIBODIES are produced by the body in response to infection
a. NATURAL- antibodies are formed in the presence of active infection in the body. It is
lifelong. EX: recovery from mumps, chichen pox
b. ARTIFICIAL- ANTIGENS ( VACCINES OR TOXOIDS) Administered to stimulate antibody
production, reguires booster inoculation after many years, ex: OPV, TT
2. PASSIVE IMMUNITY- antibodies that are produced by another source such as animal or
human.
a. NATURAL- placenta- baby, colostrum
b. ARTIFICIAL- IMMUNE SERUM- antibody from an animal or another human is injected
to a person. EX: Tetanus immunoglobulin Human
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES:

ACCORDING TO DURATION OR ONSET

1. ACUTE ILLNESS- has a short duration and is severe, the s/s appears
abruptly and intense.
2.CHRONIC ILLNESS- illness persists, usually longer than 6 months,
characterized by remission and exacerbation.
1.REMISSION- prd. which the disease is controlled and symptoms are not
obvious.
2.EXACERBATION- the disease becomes more active again at a future time
time, with recurrence of pronounced symptoms.
3. SUB ACUTE- symptoms are pronounced but more prolonged than in acute
disease.
• TERMINOLOGIES:
• 1. infection- invasion of the body tissue by microorganism
• 2. asepsis-
• 3. sepsis
• 4.carrier- without a signs of illness but who harbor pathogens in the body
• 5. contact- a person or animal who have been exposed to a dse.
• 6. reservoir- a natural habitat for the growth of microorganisms
• 7. Transient flora or bacteria- microorganism that normally picked up by
the skin as a result of normal activities that can be removed rapidly.
• 8.Resident flora- microorganisms that normally live in person’s skin
• 9. bactericidal- a chemical that kills microorganisms.
• 10.bacteriostatic- an agent that prevents bacterial multiplication.
• 11. pathogens- disease- producing microorganism
• 12. nosocomial infection- hospital- acquired infection
• 13. etiology- the study of causes.
• 14. disease- any disturbance in the body’s structure and function
• 15. syndrome- a set of manifestations that characterize a disease.
• 16.
 CONCEPT OF MAN

• INDIVIDUALIZED HUMAN
• A man belonging to a particular category ( as by birth, residence,
membership or occupation. A bipedal primate mammal that is
anatomically related to the great apes but distinguished especially
by notable dev’t of the brain with a capacity for articulate speech
and abstract reasoning.
a. Person ‘s total character
b. Person’ s self identity
c. Person’s perception
 CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUALITY
• Each individual is a unique being who is
different from every other human being, with
a different combination of genetics, life
experiences and environmental interactions.

4 ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEING

1. The capacity to think or conceptualized on
the
on the abstract level.
2. Family formatiom
3. The tendency to seek and maintain
territory
4. The ability to use verbal symbols as
language as means of developing and
maintaining culture
MASLOW’S HEIRARCHY OF BASIC HUMAN
NEEDS
 14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF MAN
--VIRGINIA HENDERSON, Nursing theorist
1. BREATH 7.keeping self- clea
2. Food and drink 8. Avoiding danger
3. Elimination 9.communication
4. Sleep and rest 10.worship
5. Clothing
6. Maintaining internal env’t
11. work
12.move and maintain posture
13.play
14.learn
 HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
• - MECHANISM FOR PROVIDING SERVICES THAT MEET HEALTH- RELATED NEEDS OF
INDIVIDUALS.
• 1. PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE
-people centered model of care that aims to provide
accessible, affordable and equitable health services.
*Diagnosis and treatment for common diseases and injuries,
chronic condition management.
2. SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE
-provide specialized care for patients with more complex health condition.
- hospitals and urgent care facilities.
3.TERTIARY LEVEL
- Specialized hospitals that provides advanced medical care for complex condition
-Specialized in caring for certain groups such as children, women and patients with mental disorders
-provided by medical specialists who have access to specialized equipment
and expertise.
- national level

• *Philhealth- government run insurance program that covers public and private healthcare facilities.
• LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1. PRIMARY PREVENTION
2.SECONDARY PREVENTION
3.TERIARY PREVENTION

•
•
• REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS
• THE JOINT COMISSION- sets quality and safety
standards for healthcare facilities to receiv
and maintain accreditation.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADM.
- Protects employees by setting
requirements
for employers to provide safe work
• FOOD AND DRUG ADM.- protects public health by
ensuring safety, efficacy, and security of drug and
food.
• CENTERS FOR MEDICARE AND MEDICAID
SERVICES
• -Enforces health and safety guidelines that must
be met inorder for reimbursement for medical
care.