EXTRACTION

Made By:
Swarnakshi Upadhyay
Assistant Professor
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
CSJM University
INTRODUCTION
 Extraction is defined as the removal of
soluble constituents from solid or liquid
with the help of suitable solvent.
 The solvent used for extraction is
known as menstruum.
 Menstruum is capable of penetrating,
the plant or animal tissues and
dissolving the active medicaments
present in them.
INTRODUCTION (CONT.)
 The solid residue which is exhausted of
active constituents remains behind
after extraction is known as marc.
 In general, extraction consists of
soaking the powdered material in a
menstruum. The menstruum diffuses
into the powdered material and
dissolves the ingredients, which then
diffuse out into the liquid.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRACTION
PROCESS
 Classification of extraction process
based on types of phases:
1. Liquid- Liquid Extraction
2. Solid Phase Extraction
3. Solid-Liquid Extraction (Leaching)
LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
 Also known as solvent extraction and
partitioning.
 Used a liquid solvent to remove a component
from a liquid mixture.
 Solvent used for extraction is immiscible or
only partially miscible with the other solvent
in the liquid mixture.
 Application of this process include separation
of vitamins from aqueous solutions and
aromatic compounds from crude oil fractions.
SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION
 Widely used in analytical laboratories.
 One or more analytes from a liquid
sample are separated by extracted
partitioning, and/or adsorbing onto a
solid stationary phase.
SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
(LEACHING)
 The extraction of a soluble component
from a solid by using a solvent is
commonly known as leaching.
 Application of solid-liquid extraction
include:
 Obtaining oil from oil seeds
 Making of coffee
 Making of hot tea
METHODS OF EXTRACTION
 Infusion
 Decoction
 Digestion
 Maceration
 Percolation
 Hot continuous extraction
 Supercritical fluid extraction
 Microwave assisted extraction
 ultrasonication
INFUSION
 It consists of pouring water over the
drugs and then allowing it to keep in
contact with water for the stated period,
usually 15 minutes, with occasional
stirring and finally filtering off the liquid.
 The marc is not pressed.
 The boiling water is commonly used as a
solvent, since it has a greater solvent
action than cold water.
 For the preparation of infusions special
pots are used which is known as infusion
pots.
 In that, firstly drug is placed in bottom of
the pot.
 Then add hot water & stirred three or four
times during the period of infusion.
 Infusion also prepared in muslin cloth. In
that drug is placed in muslin cloth &
enclose & then suspending it just below
the level of the water in a beaker.
 For that process stirring is not required.
TYPES OF INFUSION

1. Fresh Infusion:
 aqueous liquid used as a menstruum.

 It is prepared by

Coarse drug + Hot water then filtrate

after sometimes.
 As per pharmacopoeia it is used within

12 hrs after formulation.

 E.g. fresh infusion of Quassia.
CONT.

2. Concentrated Infusion
 It is 8 times stronger than fresh

infusion.
 In that 20-25% alcohol conc. Used as a

menstruum.
 It can be stored for a longer time

period.
 E.g. concentrated infusion of Quassia.
DECOCTION
 In this process, the drug is boiled with
water for a stated period usually 10
minutes.
 After boiling, the liquid is strained and
water is passed through the content of
the strainer to make the required
volume.
 This process is mainly used for
vegetable drugs of hard and woody
nature having thermostable water
DIGESTION
 In digestion process, the drug is
extracted by heating at a particular
pressure.
 This will increase the penetration power
of the menstruum, so that there is
complete extraction of the drug.
 Precaution should be taken so that the
increased temperature may not harm
the active constituents of the drug.
CONT.
 The apparatus known as “DIGESTOR” is used
for extraction of the drug by this method.
 It is a vessel made up ofmetal. The whole of
the drug along with the menstruum is placed
in the body of the digestor.
 Place the cover over it and bolt it with the
help of nuts.
 The drug is treated with menstruum for a
definite period under specified conditions of
temperature and pressure.
MACERATION
 In this process solid ingredients are placed
in a stoppered container with the whole of
the solvent and allowed to stand for a
period of at leas 3 days or 3-7 days with
frequent agitation, until soluble matter is
dissolved.
 The mixture is then strained (through
sieves/nets), the marc pressed and the
combined liquids clarified (cleaned by
filtration).
TYPES OF MACERATION
 Simple Maceration: for organized drugs. E.g.
roots, stems, leaves etc.
 alcohol is used as a menstruum.
 At this period shaking is done occasionally.
 After seven days, the liquid is strained & marc
is pressed.
 The expressed liquid is mixed with strained
liquid.
 Then again filter for obtaining the clear liquid.
 The final volume is not adjusted.
MODIFIED MACERATION 0R MACERATION WITH
ADJUSTMENT

 It is for unorganized drugs. E.g. gums, resins, gum-

resins, oleo gum-resins.
 In this process, the unorganized drugs is placed
with 4/5th volume of the menstruum in a closed
vessel for 7 days.
 At this period shaking is done occasionally.
 After that stated period, the liquid is filtered & not
necessary to press the marc.
 After that, the final volume is adjusted with the
remaining quantity of 1/5th volume of menstruum
through the filter.
DOUBLE MACERATION PROCESS
 It is carried out in the same way as simple
maceration process, but menstruum used
in divided into two parts.
 In that process drug is macerated twice by
using the menstruum which is divided into
two parts in a such manner that the same
volume is used for each maceration.
 The volume of menstruum required is
calculated as follows:
CONT.
 In that process the whole drug is macerated for 48
hrs withg quantity of menstruum for first maceration.
 Strain the liquid & press the marc after 48 hrs.
 Then again macerated for 24 hrs with remaining
quantity of menstruum for second maceration.
 Strain the liquid & press the marc after 24 hrs.
 Then mix the liquids obtained from the two
maceration & allows it to stand for 14 days & then
filter.
 E.g. concentrated infusion of orange
 Concentrated compound infusion of chirata
TRIPLE MACERATION PROCESS
 It is carried out in the same way as simple
maceration process, but menstruum used in
divided into three parts.
 In that process drug is macerated thrice by
using the menstruum which is divided into
three parts in a such manner that the same
volume is used for each maceration.
 The volume of menstruum required is

+vol. to be retained by the drug

calculated as follows:

CONT.
 In that the drug is macerated for 1 hr with a part of menstruum
required for first maceration & strained.
 Macerated again for 1 hr with a part of menstruum for 2nd
maceration & strained.
 Macerated again for 1 hr with a part of menstruum for 3rd
maceration & strained.
 After that, marc is pressed lightly.
 Then combined the liquids obtained from 2nd & 3rd maceration &
evaporated it to a specified extent.
 Then mix it with the liquid obtained from 1st maceration & add
alcohol 90% equal to 1/4th of the volume of the finished product.
 Then adjust the volume with water.
 Allow this solution for 14 days & then filter.
 E.g. concentrated infusion of Quassia, liquid extract of senna.
PERCOLATION