MODELS OF POLICING

SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES;
1. Switzerland Police (Decentralized)
Law enforcement in Switzerland is mainly a responsibility of the 26
cantons of Switzerland, who each operate cantonal police agencies.
Some cities also operate municipal police agencies as provided by the
cantonal law.

 The term "canton law" refers to laws specific to a

particular canton (or state) within the Swiss
Confederation. Examples include the Energy Law of
the Canton of Uri, Building Law of the Canton Uri,
and various laws for the Canton Graubünden.
• The Federal Government provides specialized services and is
responsible for the protection of the Swiss border.
Throughout Switzerland, the police may be reached by the
emergency telephone number 1-1-7.

• The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal

police agencies are the backbone of Swiss law enforcement.

• Police Training is conducted in cantonal service academies

and at the INTERKANTONALE POLIZEISCHULE
HITZKIRCH, a joint police academy of twelve police
agencies established in 2007.
2. Ireland Police (Centralized)

A Garda Siochana meaning “the Guardian of the Peace” more

commonly referred to as the Gardai is the police force of Ireland.
The service is headed by the Garda Commissioner who is
appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are in
Phoenix Park in Dublin.

Most uniformed members of a Garda Siochana do not

routinely carry firearms. Individual Gardai have been issued
with ASP (Armament Systems and Procedures, Inc)
extendable batons and pepper spray as their standard issue
weapons while handcuffs are equipped as restraints.

In the words of first Commissioner, Michael Staines, TD, “The

Garda Siochana will succeed not by force of arms or numbers, but on
their moral authority as servants of the people”.
• Special Detective Unit (SDU), • Ranks of the Garda Siochana
Regional Support Units (RSU), • Highest- Commissioner
and the Emergency Response • Deputy Commissioner
Unit (ERU) are commissioned • Assistant Commissioner
to and so carry firearms.
• Chief Superintendent
• The Garda Special Detective
• Superintendent
Unit, takes on primary
responsibility for providing • Inspector
armed close protection to senior • Sergeant
officials in Ireland. • Garda
• Lowest -Student
• Student Reserve
3. Egypt Police (Centralized)
• Law Enforcement in Egypt is the
responsibility of the Ministry of Interior
of Egypt.
• Rank:
• Highest rank- Major General
• Lowest Rank- Private
• General Security and Central Security
Force organization is an Egyptian
paramilitary force which is responsible for
assisting the Egyptian National Police
(ENP) for the security of governmental
fixed sites, foreign embassies and missions,
riots and crowds' control, publicly crowded
events, high risk arrest, disaster response
and SWAT operations.
• All of the commissioned officers were graduates of the
Police Academy at Cairo where after high school, they
had to complete four years at the academy, or after
College degree, completing a period of 12 to 18 months.
The Police Academy is a modern institution equipped with
laboratory and physical-training facilities. The police
force also sent some officers abroad for schooling.
4. Police In Congo (Centralized)
The Police Nationale Congolaise (Congolese National Police) is the police
throughout the territory of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Police duties are assigned to both military and civilian security organizations.
From its founding in
1888, the Force Publique fulfilled the basic functions of both a police force
and an army.
Belgian Administration reorganized the force into two organizations:

❖ Garrison Troops - intended to serve as a military force oriented towards

an external threat.

❖ Territorial Service Troops - assumed the role of a gendarmerie or police force.

The legislation "Decree-Law N° 002-2002 On institution, organization and functioning
of the Congolese national police" from 26 January 2002 establishes the role of the
National Police (PNC) of the DRC.
5. Royal Bahamas Police Force (Centralized)
This is the primary line of defense and protection for Bahamian Citizens.
The Royal Bahamas Police
Force operates within the portfolio of the Ministry of National Security.
The police force was established on
March 1, 1840. The force is headquartered on East Street Hill in Nassau,
New Providence.
Royal Bahamas Police Force Rank
Highest- Commissioner
Lowest- Constable
6. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (mixed of Centralized and
Decentralized system)
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP, literally “Royal
Gendarmerie of Canada”; colloquially known as Mounties and
internally as “The Force”. This is the federal, national, and paramilitary
police force of Canada, and of the most recognized of its kind in the
world.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is a decentralized police
force, meaning that individual detachments and divisions have a
significant amount of autonomy in their operations. However, the
RCMP also has centralized structures and functions, particularly at the
national level.
• The RCMP Security Service was a specialized political
intelligence branch with national security responsibilities but
was replaced with Canadian Security Intelligence Service
in 1984, following revelations of illegal covert operations
relating to the Quebec separist movement.
• Duties, conduct and operational and reporting guidelines are
very specifically laid out in a detailed document known as
the Commissioner’s Standing Order, CSO’s.
• Rank
• Highest- Commissioner
• Lowest- Corporal
7. Mexico Police (Decentralized)
The Police of the Mexico are grouped into multiple forces, at the
federal, state and municipal levels.
Two branches of Mexico Police:

❖ The Preventive Mexico Police- are charged with the responsibility

of maintaining law and order in the cities and other regions of the
country. Public Security is a primary concern of preventing police.

❖ The Judicial Police - they are under the guidance of the Public
ministry. The Judicial police impose either local laws or federal laws,
on the basis of their jurisdiction.
• The Federal Judicial Police –is the most important law
enforcement body of the country, belonging to the senior level.
• The Federal Police (Spanish: Policia Federal, PF), formerly
known as the Policia Federal Preventiva (Federal Preventive
Police), are the uniformed federal police force of Mexico. The
Agency is directed by the Secretariat of the Interior. They are
sometimes referred to by the slang term “Federales”.
• Attorney General- is responsible for the Federal Judicial Police
• The Police Force of Mexico City- also referred to as the Traffic
Police- the biggest Mexican law enforcement body.
• Investigation of federal crimes is handled by Ministerial Federal
police, directed by the Attorney General of Mexico.
8. Australian Police (Decentralized)
Australian Federal Police which provide police services for the
Australian Capital Territory and is also involved in preventing, detecting
and investigating crimes committed against the Commonwealth.
Two territories of Australia

✓ Australian Territory

✓ Northern territory

 While there's a federal police force, the Australian Federal

Police (AFP), each of the six states and the Northern Territory also
have their own independent police forces. These state and
territory police forces are responsible for law enforcement within their own jurisdictions.
Administration
• They has one police force for each of the Six States and the Northern Territory.

✓ New South Wales

• Australia Six States:

✓ Queensland
✓ South Australia
✓ Tasmania
✓ Victoria
✓ Western Australia
Technology:
• All rank-and-file police officers are issued .38 caliber revolvers. Special squads
are issued semi- automatic weapons. Bullet proof vests are available in each police
force, but they are only issued to individual police officers in particular
emergencies.
• Training and Qualification:
• Australian police recruits are required to have completed their
secondary education. A university Degree for specialist posts.
University training is encouraged for all recruits to the Australian
Federal Police and increasingly in other police force.

• ✓ Must undergo medical and psychological tests and are evaluated on

• Recruitment:

their overall suitability,

• ✓ Recruit training is a combination of classroom and field- based

• competence, physical fitness and character.

experience which takes approximately

• 18 months to complete.
• Discretion:
All officers may use “appropriate” force when encountering violent persons.
• “Appropriate”- is defined by the level of force required to overcome and
apprehend the person/s.
• “Lethal”- is defined as the level of force that might result in the person’s
death.
• Search and Seizure
Police are generally required to obtain a search warrant from a judge or a
magistrate before they enter premises and seize property. However, illegal
drugs and weapons can be seized without warrant.
• Confessions:
All interviews with people suspected of serious offenses are videotaped.
•Accountability:
Complaints against the police are investigated by different
authorities in different jurisdictions.
New South Victoria Queensland Western South Tasmania Northern Australian
Wales Australia Australia Territory Capital and
Australian
Federal Police

State State Criminal Justice State Police Police Forces Territory Federal
Ombudsman Commission Ombudsman Complaints Internal Affairs Ombudsman Ombudsman
Ombudsman
Authority Department

Independent Police Force’s

Commission Internal Affairs
Against Dept.
corruption

Police Forces
Internal
Affairs Dept.
 Australian State Police Force Rank

New South Wales Queensland South Australia Victoria Police Western Australia
Police Force Police Service Police Police

Highest Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner Commissioner

Commissioner

Lowest Constable Probationary Constable Constable

Probationary Constable
Constable
9. Hawaii Department of Public Safety (Decentralized)

The Hawaii Department of Public Safety is a department of the government

of the U.S state of Hawaii, and the governing body of the state of Hawaii
Sheriff’s Office, which acts as the statewide law enforcement agency for Hawaii,
and has jurisdiction throughout the state of Hawaii.

Law Enforcement

Narcotics Enforcement Division

❖ This enforces laws relating to controlled substances and regulated chemicals.

❖ This is also responsible for the registration and control of the manufacture, distribution,
prescription, and dispensing of controlled substances and precursors or essential chemicals within
Hawaii.
Sheriffs Division
• The sheriffs Division performs law enforcement duties statewide. Hawaii is the only
state without a state police or highway patrol service; the Sheriffs division is
responsible for the functions traditionally performed by these services in other states.
K9 Service Division
• It provides specialized canine responsible for detecting narcotics and explosives in
agencies within the Judiciary, the department’s Correctional facilities, and other state
and county agencies that request services in other states.
• The Hawaii Police Department, which serves the island of Hawaii, is committed to
preserving the “Spirit of Aloha”. “We will work cooperatively with the community to
enforce the law”
• In January 2003, Police Chief Lawrence K. Mahuna, appointed a Strategic Planning
Committee composed of management personnel to collectively revise the Police
department’s mission and vision statements, based on the departments core values
and devise ways to improve the performance of the department to better serve the
community, preserve peace and provide a safe environment.
Mission Statement:
• The employees of the Hawaii Police Department are committed to preserving
the spirit of aloha. We will work cooperatively with the community to enforce
the laws, preserve peace, and provide a safe environment.
Vision Statement:
• The Hawaii Department is committed to providing the highest quality of
police service and forming partnerships with the community to achieve public
satisfaction making the Big Island a safe to live, visit, and conduct business.
• Core Values
b. Integrity
c. Professionalism
d. Compassion
e. Teamwork
f. Community Satisfaction
10. Royal Papua New Guinea
Constabulary (Centralized)
• This is a national police force
with jurisdiction throughout all
of Papua New Guinea.
Organization
• The RPNGC is a part of the law
and justice sector of the
government of Papua New
Guinea. It is headquartered in
Konedobu, a suburb of Port
Moresby, the capital city, in the
National Capital District.
11. New Zealand Police (Decentralized)
The New Zealand Police is the National police force of New Zealand.
Responsible for enforcing criminal and traffic law, enhancing public
safety, maintaining order and keeping the peace throughout New Zealand.
It operates through 12 districts, each with its own geographical area of
responsibility and a central station managing subsidiary and suburban
stations. While the Commissioner is accountable to the Minister of Police,
the New Zealand Police acts independently in carrying out law
enforcement decisions.
12. GERMAN FEDERAL POLICE (Decentralized)
While some reforms have introduced a degree of
centralization in areas like information gathering and
standardization, the core structure remains with 16
regional police forces (Länder) having considerable
autonomy.
Established in 1951, the Bundespolizei (BPOL) is the
uniformed federal police force. It is subordinate to the
Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium des
Innern (BMI)). The Bundespolizei was previously known
as the Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS) ("Federal Border Guard") and had a more restricted role until
July 1, 2005 when the law renaming the BGS as the BPOL was enacted.
Another central police agency, the Federal Criminal Investigation Office
(Bundeskriminalamt— BKA), with approximately 3,000 agents, operates nationwide from
headquarters in Wiesbaden. Similar in some respects to the United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the BKA is a clearinghouse for criminal intelligence records.
Two federal agencies involved in security matters
• Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst—BND) - is restricted
to the investigation of threats originating abroad. It depends heavily on
wiretapping and other surveillance techniques applied to international
communications. Such activities are authorized only to counter the danger of an
armed threat to the country, but intelligence authorities have pressed for the
added power to monitor suspected international traffickers of weapons and
drugs.
• Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Bundesamt für
Verfassungsschutz—BfV) - is primarily a domestic intelligence-gathering
service concerned with espionage, treason, and sedition. It has no powers of
arrest and cannot use force, but it carries out surveillance and supplies the BKA
and other police agencies with information on opposition parties, international
crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, and other illegal activities. Its main office is
in Cologne. Similar offices exist in each Land; although they cooperate closely
with the federal office, they operate under the control of Land authorities.
The German states are responsible for managing the bulk of Germany's police forces.
Each state has its own police force known as the Landespolizei (State Police). Each state
promulgates a law which lays down the organization and duties of its police.

Land police are divided into Protective Police (Schutzpolizei--"Schupos"), a uniformed

service carrying out routine law and order duties, and Criminal Police
(Kriminalpolizei--"Kripos"), who carry out criminal investigations. The separate
Administrative Police formerly had duties that included the registration of residents and
the issuance of passports, identity cards, and various permits.

The Kriminalpolizei (detective branch, often shortened to Kripo) are part of the
ordinary police force in some states and separate organizations in others.
Alert Police (Bereitschaftspolizei--"Bepos") are available in each Land for riot control
although their primary function is training police recruits. The Alert Police are assigned
to barracks where they are organized along military lines into squads, platoons, and
120- to 150-member training or standby companies.
13. United States of America (Decentralized)
The US police system is decentralized, meaning it's not a single,
centralized national force, but rather a fragmented system with a
wide variety of local, state, and federal agencies. This means
there's no national police force with authority over all areas and
no national police command structure, unlike many other
countries.
• Four broad categories:
1. Federal- police officers that work for the national gov. are generally called federal police
officers. They enforce criminal federal laws that are passed by the United States Congress and
signed into law by the President. They have the authority to arrest anyone who commits
violation of federal criminal laws within specific area they are hired to protect.
• Police agencies that hire federal police officers include White House Police, Capital
Police, Supreme Court Police, and Park Police.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• United States Marshal Service
• Secret Service
• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
• Drug Enforcement Administration
2. State- all 50 states have state police agencies.
3. County- they have Sheriff who maintains a county police department
4. Municipal- police departments are created to serve an incorporated city, town, village or
borough. The primary reason municipalities establish a police department is to maintain order.
 14. UNITED KINGDOM POLICE (Decentralized)

In England and Wales, there are 44 autonomous police forces, each

covering a specific geographic area. These forces are overseen by
Police Chief Constables and Police and Crime Commissioners.

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police

force responsible for policing Greater London, excluding the “square
mile” of the City of London which is the responsibility of the City of
London Police. The MPS also has significant national responsibilities
such as co-coordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and
protection of the Royal Family of the United Kingdom and senior figures
of HM Government.

Commissioner- the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable to the
Metropolitan Police Authority.

MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard.

• Important Terms in United Kingdom Policing System
• Home Secretary – have an overall administrative power
and control in Police Service in England.
• Whitehall – a hall adjacent to the Headquarters of MPS.
• Scotland Yard – also known as MPS
• Pip – Stone or Kernel
(found on the rank insignia of Chief Superintendent)

• Metropolitan Police Service is also known as

“the Met”, “Met Pol”, “MP” and “the MPS”
 15. SOVIET UNION POLICING SYSTEM (Centralized)
Official Name – KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti or Committee
for State Security
Agency – Council of Ministers of the USSR
(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Note: Ministry of internal Affairs, (Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del) (MVD),
KGB and Ancillary Forces having different offices.
Important Terms in Soviet Union Policing System
• Konsomol – called to the lowest security officers in Russia
under in the office of Ancillary Forces.
• Ancillary Forces – known as auxiliary forces
• KGB ("Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti," which
translates to "Committee for State Security.“) – the
purpose of the office is the security of the State.
• MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) – the office
function is known as field security/ Troops.
 ASIAN POLICE MODEL

1. JAPAN POLICE
Official Name: Keisatsu Seido (Japan Police Force)
Agency: Prime Minister
The Japanese police system is decentralized but with a significant
role for a centralized coordinating body, the National Police Agency
(NPA). While prefectural police (47 in total, one for each prefecture)
are responsible for law enforcement in their respective areas, the
NPA provides guidance, training, and coordination. Additionally,
the National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) oversees the NPA,
ensuring political neutrality and democratic control, according to
the National Police Agency
• National Public Safety Commission- The mission of this is to guarantee the
neutrality of the police by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure
the maintenance of democratic methods in police organization. The commission’s
primary function is to supervise the national police agency, and it has authority to
appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
• National Police Agency - as the central coordinating body for the entire police
system, the National police Agency determines general standards and policies;
detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In a national
emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of
prefectural police forces.
• Police Administration Bureau - is concerned with police personnel, education,
welfare, training, and unit inspections.
• Criminal Investigation Bureau - is in charge of research statistics and the
investigation of nationally important and international cases. In addition, the
criminal Investigation Bureau surveys, formulates and recommends legislation on
firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and narcotics.
• Communication Bureau - supervises communication systems.
• Traffic Bureau - licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety and driver education
campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels.
• Security Bureau - formulates and supervises the execution of security
policies. It conducts research on equipment and tactics from suppressing riots
and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot police. The security bureau
is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political
groups including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and
Administration of the entry and exit Control Law. The bureau also implements
security policies during national emergencies and natural disasters.
• Regional Public Safety Bureaus - the national Police Agency has seven
regional police bureaus, each responsible for the number of prefectures.
Headed by Directors.
• Police Communication Divisions - Metropolitan Tokyo and the Island of
Hokkaido are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and are run more
autonomously than other local forces.
• Local Organization- Local Forces include:
a. Forty- three prefectural (ken) police forces
b. Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and
c. One district (do) police force, in Hokkaido
• Prefectural Police – each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative
divisions corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency.
• Police Boxes - below these stations, koban- substations near major transportation hubs
and shopping areas and in residential districts- form the first line of police response to
the public. About twenty percent of the total police force is assigned to koban.
• Riot Police - within the security divisions, each prefectural level police department
and the Tokyo police maintain Kidotai, special riot units to respond quickly and
effectively to large public disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during
festivals periods, at times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when
necessary. Riot duties demands physical fitness-the armored uniform weighed 6.6
kilograms- most personnel are young, often serving in the units after an initial
assignment in a koban.
• Special Operations - Martial Arts Attack Team special riot
officer had been trained to handle incidents that cannot be
dealt with the regular police and riot police officers but can
operate independently or with SAT cooperation.
• The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit
known as the Special Assault Team, operating under police
control.
• Japan Police Ranks
• Highest- Keishi- sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Police Department)
• Lowest- Junsa (Policeman)
• Important Terms in Japan Policing System
• Keihoryo (Police Bureau)
• Dual Policing System- used by the National Rural Police and
the municipal police.
• Law of 1954 – the law or re-organization of Japan Policing
System.
• Koban (Police Boxes)- these are police post located in
neighborhood near major transportation hubs and shopping
areas and in residential districts. They form the first line of
police response to the public.
• Chuzaisho (Residential Police Boxes)- serves as a community
safety center for local residents.
 1. MALAYSIAN POLICE FORCE (Centralized)

The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis

Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a part of the security forces structure in
Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization with responsibilities
ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering.

Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a

support group comprising of

Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police,

Police Cadets and a civilian service element.

Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August

2005.
• The Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), Malaysia's primary law
enforcement agency, was officially formed in 1963 upon the
creation of Malaysia. Prior to that, there were various police
forces operating in the different states and regions of the
Malayan Federation, including the Federation of Malayan
Police, North Borneo Armed Constabulary, and Sarawak
Constabulary. The RMP, as we know it today, resulted
from the merger of these forces.
• The modern police system in Malaysia, including the early
police forces, was heavily influenced by the British colonial
administration, with many officers being of British origin.
• The Royal Malaysia Police is governed by the Police Act 1967,
which outlines its constitution, functions, and powers.
• Rank structure of the Royal o Superintendent of Police [SUPT]
Malaysian Police. o Deputy Superintendent of Police
• Inspector General Grade [DSP]: District Division Chief
o Inspector General of Police [IGP]: o Assistant Superintendent of Police
National Chief Police. [ASP]: Station Chief Police.
o Deputy Inspector General of Police • Inspector Grade
[DIG]: Deputy National Chief Police. • Chief Inspector [CIP]
o Commissioner of Police [CP] • Inspector [INSP]
Department Chief Police
• Probationary Inspector [P/INSP]
o Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police
• Enlisted Grade
o Deputy Commissioner of Police
[DCP] : State Chief Police Officer [CPO] o Sub-Inspector [S/INSP]
o Senior Assistant Commissioner of o Sergeant Major [SM]
Police o Sergeant [SGT]
o Assistant Commissioner of Police o Corporal [CPL]
[ACP]: District Chief Police.
o Lance Corporal [L/CPL]
• Superintendent Grade
o Constable
• Important Terms in Malaysia Policing
System
• Rakan Cop- a community outreach
program launched on 9 August 2005.
• Inspector-General of Police (IGP)- led the
police force in Malaysia
• Gazetted – Commissioned
• Non-gazetted – Non-Commissioned
 1. SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE (Centralized)

The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF) is the main

agency tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state.
Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (RSP) it has
grown from an 11-man organization to a 38,587 strong force.
Singapore has been ranked consistently in the top five positions in the
Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability of police
services.

The organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line
functions, roughly modelled after the military. There are currently 14
staff departments, 3 specialist staff departments and 10 specialist and line units. The headquarters
is located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the
Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The Singapore Police Force (SPF) was established in 1820 by Major-General William
Farquhar, the first British Resident of colonial Singapore, to maintain law and order in the
growing settlement. His son-in-law, Francis James Bernard, was appointed as the first
Police Assistant, and the force initially consisted of 12 men.
• Community Policing and Crime Prevention:
• Neighbourhood Police Centres (NPCs):
The SPF utilizes NPCs to bring police services closer to the community, facilitating
interactions and building relationships with residents.
• Crime Prevention Exhibitions and School Talks:
NPP officers conduct these to raise public awareness about crime prevention measures.
• Crime Risk Surveys:
NPPs conduct surveys to assess crime risks in specific areas and develop targeted prevention
strategies.
• Distribution of Crime Prevention Materials:
NPPs distribute pamphlets and newsletters to residents, providing information and resources
on crime prevention.
Important Terms in Singapore Policing System
• 11 man – considered as the number of origin for
Singapore Police Force
• Warrant Card- issued to every police officer in
Singapore which is evidence of appointment.
• Commissioner of Police- top ranking police officer of
the Singapore Police Force.
• Constable- lowest rank in the Singapore Police Force.
 1. INDIAN POLICE FORCE (Mixed Centralized and Decentralized)
The Indian Police Service or IPS, is one of the three All India
Services of the Government of India. It replaced the Indian (Imperial)
Police in 1948, a year after India gained independence from Britain.
It exhibits features of both centralization and decentralization. State
police forces are under the control of their respective state
governments, while the Union Territories' police forces and certain
central police organizations are under the control of the Ministry of
Home Affairs.
Controlling authority- Ministry of Home Affairs.
Ranks of Indian Police Gazetted officers include all the Indian Police
Service officers and all State Police Services officers of and above
the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) or Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) in
State Police and Metropolitan Police forces respectively.
The modern Indian police system was largely shaped during the British
colonial period. Key developments include the Police Act of 1861 which
established the foundation of the current police system. The
Indian Councils Act of 1861 further solidified this, creating the
Indian Imperial Police and a structured police bureaucracy. The
Fraser Commission (1902-1903) recommended the appointment of Indians
in higher police ranks.
Community Policing:
• The Community Policing Scheme (CPS) was launched in 2005 to promote a
community-based approach to policing.
• This involves police building relationships with communities, collaborating
with local leaders, and addressing local problems.
• It aims to improve communication and cooperation between the police and
the public, fostering a sense of shared responsibility in crime prevention.
SPECIALIZED UNITS:
• The Indian police have established specialized units to address different types of
crime, such as cybercrime, organized crime, and terrorism.
• These units employ specialized training and techniques to combat specific types
of criminal activity.
• For example, specialized cybercrime units are tasked with investigating and
preventing online crimes.
• POLICE REFORMS:
• Several committees and commissions have been set up to review and suggest
reforms to the Indian police.
• These reforms aim to address issues such as police misconduct, efficiency, and
public trust.
• Reforms may include improvements in training, technology, and accountability
measures.
OTHER INITIATIVES:
• The Police Complaints Authority (PCA) is responsible for
addressing public complaints against police personnel.
• The National Police Commission (NPC) and other committees have
played a role in shaping police policies and practices.
• The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy provides
training for IPS (Indian Police Service) officers.
RANKING SYSTEM IN INDIA POLICE FORCE
• Gazetted – headed by the Commissioner of Police as a Chief and
Assistant Superintendent of Police as the lowest rank in Gazetted
Officers.
• Non- Gazetted – belongs the Inspector of Police as the most Senior
and Police Constable as the Lowest rank in India Police Service.
 ROYAL THAI POLICE
(Centralized)
•The Royal Thai Police (Thai: ำ
ติ) are the national police of Thailand.
•Royal Thai Police Headquarters ( ำนักงำนต
ำรวจแห่งชำติ) – Bangkok
•Central Investigation Bureau - national
coordinating headquarters which assist provincial and
metropolitan components in preventing and
suppressing criminal activity and in minimizing
threats to national security.
•Specialized units of the bureau, including the
railroad, marine, highway, and forestry police,
employed up-to-date technical equipment, law
enforcement techniques, and training.
•five other divisions and offices employed modern
procedures to assist in investigating and preventing
crime.
▪ The Crime Suppression Division - one of the bureau's largest components—was
responsible for conducting most of the technical investigations of criminal offenses
throughout the kingdom. Its Emergency Unit coped with riots and other public
disorders, sabotage, counterfeiting, fraud, illegal gambling operations, narcotics
trafficking, and the activities of secret societies and organized criminal associations.
▪ Special Branch — sometimes referred to by critics as the "political police", is
responsible for controlling subversive activities and serves as the Thai Police's major
intelligence organization, as well as the unit responsible for VIPs protection.
▪ The Criminal Records Office collected and maintained records required in the
conduct of police work, including dossiers and fingerprints of known criminals and
persons suspected of wrongdoing.
▪ The well-equipped Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, technicians performed
the requisite chemical and physical analyses.
▪ Licenses Division registered and licensed firearms, vehicles, gambling
establishments, and various other items and enterprises as required by law.
• The Royal Thai Police (RTP) traces its origins back to the Ayutthaya
period, with the first known institution with police-like functions
established during the reign of King Borommatrailokkanat (1448-1488).
• The modern RTP was formally established in 1860 by King Mongkut
(Rama IV) to maintain peace in Bangkok. Initially, the force was led by
foreign officers, including British and Dane commanders.
• The RTP has evolved since then, with significant modernization efforts
in 1932 and ongoing advancements in criminal investigation, law
enforcement, and training.
• The RTP has focused on modernizing its criminal investigation system,
incorporating theoretical insights from criminal investigation, criminal
behavior analysis, and forensic psychology into training programs and
procedures.
COMMUNITY POLICING:
• The RTP actively engages with community members to build trust, reduce
fear of crime, and improve the overall quality of life.
• They collaborate with local residents to prevent and address crime, often
involving local volunteers in police stations.
• This approach fosters a sense of security and empowers communities to
take ownership of their safety.
Other Initiatives:
• The RTP actively participates in community activities to build
relationships and create a sense of unity.
• They also focus on addressing the root causes of juvenile delinquency by
engaging with youth and working with partners.
• The RTP actively engages in community activities to build relationships
and create a sense of unity, fostering cooperation and reducing crime.
Important Terms in Thailand Policing System
• Tamruat – term for Police
• Waghyaian – term for Chief
• RTP – Royal Thai Police
• Note: The RTP categorized into two officers:Commissioned
and Non- Commissioned
• Policeman/Constable – the lowest rank in RTP
• Police General – Highest rank in RTP
INDONESIAN
NATIONAL POLICE
(Centralized)
•Motto: Rastra Sewakhottama (People's Main
Servant)
•Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia/ known as
Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located
in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta.
•The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian:
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) is the
official police force for Indonesia.
•It had formerly been a part of the Indonesian
National Armed Forces. The police were
formally separated from the military in April
1999, a process which was formally
completed in July 2002.
• The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) was officially
established on August 19, 1945, and its formal organization
was completed on July 1, 1946.
• It was initially created under the name
National Police Agency (Badan Kepolisian
Negara). POLRI has played a significant role in the
Indonesian National Revolution, suppressing the 1948
communist revolt in Madiun, and has been a national
force since its inception, financed, directed, and organized
by the central government.
• In 1964, the police was incorporated into the
Armed Forces. POLRI was later separated from the
military in 2002.
• The Mobile Brigade Police force of Indonesia is the elite force of
the Indonesian Police Force which is usually referred as the special
force for the Indonesian Police; it is a more special force for dealing
in paramilitary and other kinds of conflicts which normal Police can't
take action against it.
• The Detachment 88 (Indonesian: 'Densus'88) is a special force of
the Indonesian armed forces in dealing with terrorism.
• The Traffic Police or in Indonesian language known as Polisi
Lalulintas is a police service which have specialty in duty for
directing, controlling, and to take action in traffic situations in the
streets, roads, and highway.
• The Indonesian Coast and Sea Guarding Police Force or in
Indonesian language known as Polisi Perairan is a police force in
Indonesia which guards and secures the sea and coast of Indonesia.
• Sabhara or Samapta is the most public Police force in
Indonesia which has duties to law enforce, and to protect and
serve.
• The PHH is an abbreviation to Polisi Huru-Hara, this
police force is known as the Riot Police of Indonesia.
• The tourism Police or in Indonesian language known as
Polisi Turis is a police service for tourist purposes.
• The Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police is
an Indonesian police force for vital protection and usually
secures international embassies in Indonesia. It is known in
Indonesian as Polisi Kedutaan.
• Gegana is a special police force of Indonesia which has the ability to deal
with explosives and bombings that would attack the public.
• Bareskrim (Badan Reserse Kriminal, lit. Criminal Investigation
Agency) is an interior police force which works in the headquarters of the
Indonesian police force, its main duty is to investigate criminal activity and
crime identification.
COMMUNITY POLICING (POLMAS):
Concept:
• The police actively involve the community in crime prevention efforts,
fostering partnerships and shared responsibility.
Implementation:
• This can involve regular community meetings, establishing local policing
units like "Polisi RW" (community police officers for each neighborhood
unit), and encouraging residents to report suspicious activity.
Other Strategies:
Situational Crime Prevention:
• Focusing on environmental design and other measures to reduce
opportunities for crime, such as improved lighting or security
cameras.
Counter-Radicalization:
• Addressing the root causes of radicalization and extremism
through education, awareness campaigns, and community
engagement.
Digital Era Crime Prevention:
• Utilizing technology and digital platforms to monitor crime
trends, investigate online crimes, and improve police services.
Important Terms in Indonesia Policing System
• Markas Besar/ Mabes – term for their headquarters
• Kamra – trainees which serves as police auxiliary
• Polri – refers to Police/ Cop
• Bhayangakara –refers to an Officer
• Ranking System in Indonesia Police Force
• High ranking officers – Police General
• Mid rank officers – Police Grand Commissioner
• Low rank officers – Police Commissioner Adjutant
• Warrant officers – First Police Inspector Adjutant
• Non-commissioned officers – Chief Police Brigadier
• Enlisted –Second Bhayangkara
 1. The People's Armed Police officially CHINESE PEOPLE'S ARMED POLICE
FORCE (Centralized)
 is a paramilitary or gendarmerie force primarily responsible for
civilian policing and fire rescue duties in the People's Republic
of China.

Chinese Police Officers are wearing rank insignias on both sides of

shoulders. Senior officers ranking at Commissioner and
Superintendent levels are wearing white collar uniform, and for
Inspector level and below officers are wearing sky blue collar uniform.
• People's Police Law (1995):
This law, adopted by the National People's Congress, forms the legal basis
for the police force in China.
The law defines the functions and powers of the police, such as
maintaining public order, investigating crimes, and protecting citizens'
rights.
• Ministry of Public Security (MPS):
The MPS is the central governing body for public security and law
enforcement in China, and it plays a key role in implementing the People's
Police Law.
• People's Armed Police:
The People's Armed Police (PAP) is a separate but related force, also under
the leadership of the MPS, which focuses on internal security, border
defense, and counter-terrorism.
1. Public Security Police. It makes up to 86% of all police personnel
in China. It provides not only basic uniformed patrol but also twelve
other specialized functions including criminal investigations, fire
control border patrol, and monitoring of all modes of transportation.
2. State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible for
preventing espionage, sabotage, and conspiracies.
3. Prison Police. It is responsible for supervision of convicted
offenders in prison.
4. Judicial Procuratorates Police. They escort suspects in cases
investigated by the procuratorates (prosecutors in the Phils.).
5. Judicial People’s Court Police. They maintain security and order
in the various courts and also may carryout death sentence.
• China's policing program involves a multi-faceted
system with various police forces and
strategies. The core of the system is the "People's
Police," encompassing public security, state
security, prison, and judicial police.
• Beyond internal security, China has also expanded
its policing initiatives internationally, including
exporting technology, training foreign law
enforcement, and participating in joint patrols.
 1. POLICE SYSTEM OF HONG KONG (Centralized)

Official Name: Hong Kong Police Force

Agency: Ministry of Home Affairs under Security Bureau of HongKong
Organizational Structure: ‘A’ Department (Operations and Support)
‘B’ Department (Crime and Security)
‘C’ Department (Personnel and Training)
‘D’ Department (Management Services)
Considered as ASIA’S FINEST in Policing System
Reason: recognized as being Safest Country in the World and gathered the title of LOW CRIME
RATE COUNTRY.
Reasons why Hongkong Police is considered as ASIA’S
FINEST in policing system;
• Professionalism and Efficiency:
The HKPF was known for its well-organized structure, effective
crime-fighting strategies, and adoption of modern technology.
• Relative Incorruptibility:
The force was considered relatively free from corruption
compared to other law enforcement agencies in the region.
• Community Engagement:
The HKPF actively sought to build partnerships with the
community and promote crime prevention initiatives.
Community Engagement Programs:
• Police Community Relations Officer (PCR) Scheme:
PCR officers act as liaisons between the police and the community, building
trust and facilitating communication.
• Junior Police Call (JPC) Scheme:
This program aims to cultivate a sense of responsibility among young people
and encourage their involvement in community safety and crime prevention.
• Police School Liaison Scheme:
Police officers work directly with schools to educate students on various safety
and law-related topics.
• Neighborhood Police Units (NPUs) and Neighborhood Watch Schemes:
These initiatives encourage residents to actively participate in local crime
prevention efforts by forming neighborhood watch groups and working with
NPUs to address community concerns.
• World’s Second in Modern Policing System and First among
Asia’s Country.
• Hong Kong is often recognized for its modern and effective
policing system, not necessarily because it's the second most
modern, but rather because it effectively combines elements of
both traditional and modern policing models. The Force's
evolution, focus on community engagement, technological
advancements, and ability to adapt to changing circumstances
contribute to its modern reputation.
• Ranking System in HongKong Police Force
• Top Most Rank: Commissioner of Police
• Lowest Rank: Police Constable
• Traditional Aspects:
• Colonial Legacy:
The Hong Kong Police Force was initially established under a
colonial model, characterized by a strong emphasis on
maintaining order and suppressing dissent.
• Paramilitary Structure:
Historically, the force operated with a paramilitary structure,
reflecting its role as an enforcer of government interests.
• Focus on Public Order:
While public order remains a priority, the approach has evolved
to incorporate community engagement and crime prevention.
• Modernization and Integration:
• Community Policing:
The force has embraced community policing, establishing community relations officers and neighborhood
policing units to improve police-public relations.
• Professionalization:
A push for professionalization has led to the introduction of modern management models, service quality
initiatives, and training programs to enhance efficiency and responsiveness.
• Technological Advancements:
The force has adopted technologically advanced systems for coastal security, radar systems, and marine
operations, including the Marine Situational Awareness System to enhance coordination.
• Public Engagement:
Initiatives like the "Quality of Service Initiative" aim to transform the force into a service-oriented entity,
emphasizing accountability and customer service.
• Specialized Units:
The force utilizes specialized units like the Organized Crime and Triad Bureau to tackle sophisticated criminal
activities and the Special Duties Unit (SDU) for high-risk situations.
• Strategic Planning:
The force utilizes strategic planning processes to adapt to changing societal needs and future challenges,
incorporating elements of futures studies and organizational agility.