VACCINES

DEVIKA
III BSC CBT
JSS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF VACCINES
• ADVANTAGES OF SUBUNIT VACCINE
OVER EXISTING VACCINES
• VACCINES USING GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED ORGANISMS
• EDIBLE VACCINES
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

• VACCINES ARE BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS THAT PROVIDE

IMMUNITY AGAINST SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
• THEY WORK BY STIMULATING THE BODY’S IMMUNE
SYSTEM TO RECOGNIZE AND FIGHT PATHOGENS LIKE
BACTERIA OR VIRUSES.
• VACCINATION IS A KEY TOOL IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE,
HELPING TO REDUCE ILLNESS, DISABILITY, AND DEATH FROM
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
• OVER THE YEARS, VARIOUS TYPES OF VACCINES HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED, INCLUDING LIVE ATTENUATED,
INACTIVATED, SUBUNIT, MRNA, AND VECTOR-BASED
VACCINES.
• WITH ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, VACCINES HAVE
BECOME SAFER, MORE EFFECTIVE, AND FASTER TO
PRODUCE
 TYPES OF VACCINES
1. ATTENUATED LIVE VACCINE
• MADE FROM WEAKENED PATHOGENS.
• MIMIC NATURAL INFECTION WITHOUT
CAUSING DISEASE.
• STIMULATE STRONG AND LONG-LASTING
IMMUNITY.
• USUALLY NEED FEWER DOSES OR
BOOSTERS.
• USED FOR MMR, ORAL POLIO, AND BCG
VACCINES.
• NOT SUITABLE FOR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
INDIVIDUALS.
• STORED CAREFULLY TO MAINTAIN
EFFECTIVENESS.
2.INACTIVATED WHOLE AGENT VACCINE

• CONTAINS KILLED OR INACTIVATED PATHOGEN

• PATHOGEN IS DESTROYED USING HEAT OR
CHEMICALS.
• CANNOT REPLICATE OR CAUSE DISEASE.
• STIMULATES IMMUNE RESPONSE SAFELY.
• REQUIRES BOOSTER DOSES FOR LASTING
IMMUNITY.
• SAFE FOR IMMUNOCOMPROMISED INDIVIDUAL
• EXAMPLES: POLIO (IPV), HEPATITIS A, RABIES
VACCINES.
 3. TOXOIDS
• TOXOIDS ARE INACTIVATED TOXINS
PRODUCED BY BACTERIA.
• THEY DO NOT CAUSE DISEASE BUT
STIMULATE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
• COMMONLY USED AGAINST DIPHTHERIA
AND TETANUS.
• PROVIDE LONG-LASTING IMMUNITY
WHEN COMBINED WITH BOOSTERS.
• SAFE AND CANNOT REVERT TO TOXIC
FORM.
• USED IN COMBINATION VACCINES.
4. SUBUNIT VACCINE

• CONTAINS ONLY SPECIFIC ANTIGENS

(PROTEINS) OF THE PATHOGEN.
• CANNOT CAUSE DISEASE AS IT LACKS
LIVE COMPONENTS.
• SAFER AND MORE STABLE THAN LIVE
VACCINES.
• REQUIRES BOOSTER DOSES FOR
LONG-LASTING IMMUNITY.
• COMMONLY USED FOR HEPATITIS B
AND HPV VACCINES.
• PRODUCED USING RECOMBINANT
DNA TECHNOLOGY.
5. CONJUGATED VACCINES
• COMBINE WEAK ANTIGENS WITH
STRONG CARRIER PROTEINS.
• ENHANCE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN
INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN.
• USED AGAINST BACTERIA WITH
POLYSACCHARIDE COATINGS.
• EXAMPLES: HIB, PNEUMOCOCCAL, AND
MENINGOCOCCAL VACCINES.
• OFFER LONG-LASTING PROTECTION AND
MEMORY.
• STIMULATE T-CELL DEPENDENT
IMMUNITY.
• SAFE AND EFFECTIVE IN EARLY
CHILDHOOD.
6. DNA VACCINES

• CONTAIN GENETICALLY ENGINEERED

DNA THAT ENCODES AN ANTIGEN.
• INTRODUCED INTO THE BODY VIA
INJECTION.
• HOST CELLS PRODUCE THE ANTIGEN,
TRIGGERING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.
• STABLE, EASY TO PRODUCE, AND
STORE.
• NO RISK OF INFECTION.
• USED IN RESEARCH FOR CANCER AND
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
ADVANTAGES OF SUBUNIT VACCINES OVER
EXISTING VACCINES
SUBUNIT VACCINES OFFER SEVERAL ADVANTAGES OVER
TRADITIONAL VACCINES. THEY CONTAIN ONLY SPECIFIC
ANTIGENS FROM THE PATHOGEN, MINIMIZING THE RISK OF
ADVERSE REACTIONS AND MAKING THEM SAFER, ESPECIALLY
FOR PEOPLE WITH WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEMS. UNLIKE
LIVE ATTENUATED OR WHOLE-KILLED VACCINES, THEY
CANNOT CAUSE THE DISEASE. SUBUNIT VACCINES ARE ALSO
MORE STABLE AND HAVE A LONGER SHELF LIFE, MAKING
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION EASIER. THEY CAN BE
PRECISELY ENGINEERED TO TARGET THE MOST
IMMUNOGENIC PARTS OF THE PATHOGEN, RESULTING IN A
STRONGER AND MORE SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE.
ADDITIONALLY, THEY REDUCE THE CHANCES OF
CONTAMINATION DURING PRODUCTION.
 VACCINES USING GENETICALLY
ENGINEERED ORGANISMS

• GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS ARE USED TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC

ANTIGENS FOR VACCINES.
• GENES ENCODING DESIRED ANTIGENS ARE INSERTED INTO BACTERIA,
YEAST, OR VIRUSES.
• THESE ORGANISMS PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF THE ANTIGEN
SAFELY AND EFFICIENTLY.
• THE ANTIGENS ARE THEN PURIFIED AND USED AS VACCINES.
• THIS METHOD REDUCES THE RISK OF INFECTION FROM LIVE OR
INACTIVATED PATHOGENS.
• EXAMPLES: HEPATITIS B VACCINE (PRODUCED IN YEAST), HPV VACCINE.
• OFFERS HIGH PURITY, SAFETY, AND SCALABILITY IN VACCINE
PRODUCTION.
• USEFUL FOR RAPID DEVELOPMENT DURING OUTBREAKS (E.G., COVID-19).
• LET ME KNOW IF YOU'D LIKE THIS TURNED INTO A VISUAL SLIDE OR NEED
MATCHING IMAGES.
EDIBLE VACCINES

EDIBLE VACCINES ARE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED

CROPS OR FRUITS THAT PRODUCE VACCINE PROTEINS.
THESE VACCINES ARE DEVELOPED BY INSERTING
SPECIFIC GENES FROM PATHOGENS INTO PLANTS LIKE
BANANA, POTATO, OR TOMATO. WHEN CONSUMED,
THE PLANT STIMULATES AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE
HUMAN BODY, PROVIDING PROTECTION AGAINST
DISEASES. EDIBLE VACCINES ARE NEEDLE-FREE, COST-
EFFECTIVE, AND IDEAL FOR MASS IMMUNIZATION,
ESPECIALLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THEY ALSO
ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR COLD STORAGE AND
TRAINED PERSONNEL. COMMON TARGETS FOR EDIBLE
VACCINES INCLUDE HEPATITIS B, CHOLERA, AND
DIARRHEA. THIS INNOVATIVE APPROACH OFFERS A
PROMISING FUTURE FOR GLOBAL HEALTHCARE AND
DISEASE PREVENTION.
CONCLUSION
VACCINES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZED MODERN
MEDICINE BY PROVIDING EFFECTIVE
PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
THROUGH VARIOUS TYPES SUCH AS LIVE
ATTENUATED, INACTIVATED, SUBUNIT, DNA,
AND CONJUGATED VACCINES, THEY HELP
BUILD IMMUNITY SAFELY AND EFFICIENTLY.
WITH ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY,
GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AND EDIBLE
VACCINES OFFER NEW HOPE FOR BROADER,
MORE ACCESSIBLE IMMUNIZATION. VACCINES
NOT ONLY PROTECT INDIVIDUALS BUT ALSO
CONTRIBUTE TO HERD IMMUNITY, REDUCING
THE SPREAD OF DISEASES WITHIN
COMMUNITIES. CONTINUED RESEARCH AND
AWARENESS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR COMBATING
EMERGING HEALTH THREATS. VACCINATION
REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL
TOOLS IN PROMOTING GLOBAL HEALTH,
SAVING LIVES, AND ENSURING A HEALTHIER