EVALUATION AND
COMPARISON
Evaluation with adjectives
We use enough after the adjective and too before the adjective
FORMULA
SUBJECT+VERB+ADJECTIVE+ ENOUGH + COMPLEMENT
Ex: Our apartment isn´t big enough for our family
SUBJECT+VERB+TOO+ ADJECTIVE
Ex: This apartment is too big
EVALUATION AND
COMPARISON
Evaluation with nouns
We use enough before nouns and too much before nouns
FORMULA
SUBJECT+VERB+ENOUGH+COMPLEMENT
Ex: there aren´t enough Windows
SUBJECT+VERB+TOO+COMPLEMENT
Ex: Your parents make too much noise
EVALUATION AND
COMPARISON
Comparison with adjectives
We use as + adjective + as
FORMULA
SUBJECT+VERB+AS+ADJECTIVE+AS+COMPLEMENT
Ex:The building isn´t as quiet as our old one
The location is just as convenient as the old one
EVALUATION AND
COMPARISON
Comparison with nouns
We use as many count nouns as and as much non count nouns as
FORMULA
SUBJECT+VERB+ AS MANY + COUNT NOUN+ AS+COMPLEMENT
Ex: We don´t have as many bedrooms as we used to.
Apartments have just as many rooms as houses
SUBJECT+VERB+AS MUCH+ NOT COUNT NOUN+AS+ COMPLEMENT
Ex: We don´t have as much privacy as we had.
Joshua has as much peace as Matthew
Wish
We use Wish + Past tense to refer to present wishes
We can use it to express regrets or desires about present or future
situations that are different from now
FORMULA
SUBJECT+ WISH+PAST TENSE+COMPLEMENT
Ex: I wish i had my own apartment
I wish i could move out
I wish they would stop worrying about me
Keypoints
When you express a wish about the present or future, the past tense
is used after wish.
Example: I wish I were taller
( Oliver is not tall and he wants to be taller)
She wish she traveled to Japan
( she doesn´t travel to Japan yet )
For the verb be, were is used with all pronouns after wish
New Vocabulary
• Nut: refers to a specific type of dry fruit with a hard shell and single
seed
• Wood:Wood is the material found in the stems and roots of trees
• Damage: An injury or harm.
• Seed: a small object produced by a plant that a new plant can grow
from.
Unit 4- Have you tried
it?
Simple Past vs Present Perfect
The Simple past describes completed actions in the past
The Present perfect connects a past action to the present
Have you ever eaten frog legs? Yes, I have. I tried them last month.
Did you like them? Yes. I did. They were deliciuos.
Have you ever been to a Vietnamese restaurant? No, i haven´t. But i ate at a
Thai restaurant last night.
Did you go alone? No, I went with some friends.
Simple Past vs Present Perfect
Simple Past:
Focus: A completed action in the past, with a definite time.
Formula:subject+verb+-ed (for regular verbs), or irregular past tense form
Examples: I took an exam yesterday/ I traveled to Peru last month
Present Perfect
Focus: An action that started in the past and continues to the present, or an
action with relevance in the the present.
Formula:subject+have/has+past participle of the verb
Examples:She has lived in Sabaneta for five years/ I haven´t won the lottery this
year yet.
Sequence Adverbs
We use these adverbs to indicate the order of an action or events occur.
First: Used to indicate the initial action or step
Next:indicates the following action after the previous one
Then: indicates the action that follow aften another action, but not inmediately
After that: Is another way to indicate
Finally: Indicate the last action in the sequence.
Unit 5- Hit the road
Future with be going to and will
We use be going to + verbs for plans you´ve decided on.
FORMULA
SUBJECT+VERB TO BE+ GOING TO+VERB IN INFINITIVE+COMPLEMENT
What are you going to do this month?
Ex:I am going to relax at the beach
We are not going to go camping this Sunday
She is not going to cook today
They are going to watch the baseball game
Short answer:Are you going to the party? Yes, I am/ No, i am not
Future with be going to and will
We use Will + verb for posible plans before you´ve made a decisión
FORMULA
SUBJECT+WILL+VERB IN INFINITIVE +COMPLEMENT
What will you/ she/they do this tomorrow?
She is not sure, she guess she will stay at home
I probably Will not (won´t) go anywhere
They Will go to the grocery store
Short answer:Will you go? Yes, I will/ no, I won´t
We can use Shall but only with the pronouns I and we
Keypoints
Will doesn´t change form
The negative form can be will not or the contraction won´t
With will we usually use these words: I think, I don´t think, Probably
and I am not sure,
NEW VOCABULARY
• ATM Cash:is a self-service machine that allows bank customers to perform various
transactions, most notably cash withdrawals, without needing to interact with a human teller.
• Carry on bag: is a piece of luggage that you keep with you in the passenger cabin of the plane
• First aid kit: is a box or bag containing basic medical equipment such as bandages and
antiseptic cream.
• Money belt:a belt with pockets for carrying money or something else.
• Suitcase:a case with a handle and a hinged lid, used for carrying clothes and other personal
possessions.
• Luggage:suitcases or other bags in which to pack personal belongings for travelling
Unit 6- Sure! I´ll do it
Modals for necessity and suggestion
We usually are used to express necessity and suggestions. For necessity, we use must,
have to and need to.
Modals of Necessity:
Must:
Indicates a strong obligation or necessity, often related to rules or internal convictions.
Example: You must be tired/you must not (musn´t)give my credit card details to anyone.
Have to:
Expresses an external obligation,something that is required by circumstances or rules.
Example: I don´t have to work late tonight/you have to follow the rules.
Need to:
Indicates a necessity for something.
Example: We need to buy the tickets to travel to Spain/ I need my ex in my life
Modals for necessity and suggestion
Should, ought to, and had better are used for making suggestions.
Modals of Suggestion:
Should:
A common way to offer advices expressing a good idea.
Example: You should see a doctor if you're feeling sick.
Ought to:
Similar to "should," but often used for recommendations or moral obligations, it has a
stronger sense of what is right.
Example: We ought to be more mindful of our impact on the environment.
Had better:
Indicates a strong suggest with a warning of potential negative consequences if the advice
is not followed.
Example: You had better leave now, or you'll miss the bus
EXAMPLES
Must, Need to ,Have to, Should, ought to, and had better
Must: You must have studied for the quiz/ she must watch this game/ we must respect our
parents.
Need to: You are obese, you need to go to the gym/ he needs to find a job.
Have to: I have to go to the grocery store/ You don't have to come if you don't want to.
Should: She looks sick, she should go home/ It shouldn´t rain today
Ought to: He ought to be here by now/ You ought clean up your room.
Had better: You had better take an umbrella/ We had better speak to him/ You had better
not tell him about the surprise party.
Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more particles, it could be a prepositions or
adverbs. Phrasal verbs can be confused because their meaning is often idiomatic, meaning
it's not always obvious from the individual words.
Turn off/on: To activate or deactivate a device.ex: Turn off the computer/She turned off the radio
because it was too loud./ She turned on the stove to cook the dinner/I need to turn on the computer
to check my email.
Pick up:to lift something off the ground, to collect someone or something or to arrest someone.
Ex:Please pick up your toys from the floor/The delivery will pick up the package tomorrow.
Clean up: An act or instance of cleaning. Ex:John cleaned the living room up/ You should clean up the
kitchen before you start cooking.
Turn down:to refuse or reject something. It can also mean to reduce the volume or intensity of
something.Ex:He turned down their invitation to the party/Could you please turn the music down?
It's too loud.
Phrasal Verbs
Put away: It indicates placing something back in its designated place after use. Ex:Please
put away your toys/ Don't leave your clothes on the floor. Put them away
Take off: Remove something especially clothes: Please take off your shoes before my
sister came/She took off her hat and placed it on the table
Take out:To remove something, to obtain something, to go somewhere with someone, or
to kill someone. Ex: I need to take out the pizza before 8 at clock./He took out his phone
and saved the girl's phone number.
let out:This phrasal verb has several meanings, including to release or allow to leave, to
end and to make a sound. Ex:Please let the dog out to go to the bathroom/ I opened the
door and let them out.
Requests with Modals and Would you mind..?
When we want to ask for things, order at a restaurant, invite people to meetings, make
offers, we use modals of request. We use modals to make requests sound more polite.
These are the basic modals of request that we use: can,could and would:
Formula
Modal + Subject + Verb (in base form)+Complement
Can I borrow your pen?/Can you lend me 5$?
Would you like something to drink?/Would you open the door?
Could you help me with this?/ Could you explain that again, please? I didn’t
understand.
Requests with Modals and Would you mind..?
Negative questions
If when using modals of request we wouldd like to ask someone not to do
something, we can place not before the verb.
Would you not speak so loudly?
Could you not smoke here?
Can you not make so much noise?
Requests with Modals and Would you mind..?
When we want to make a polite request in English we can also use the phrase “would you
mind…”..
Formula
Would you mind+Verb-Ing+ Complement
Would you mind turning down the TV?
Would you mind telling me what you're doing?
Would you mind helping me with this?
Would you mind waiting for me?
Unit 7- What do you
use this for?
Infinitives and Gerunds for uses and
purposes
Infinitives and gerunds are verbals that can work as nouns in a sentence. Infinitives are often
used to express purpose or intention, while gerunds are frequently used to describe actions
or activities.
INFINITIVES
I'm saving money to buy a car.
I came to London to study English.
I use my cellphone to send messages.
GERUNDS
This machine is designed for cleaning.
He bought a new laptop for working.
I use my cellphone for sending messages
Imperatives and Infinitives for giving
suggestions
Imperatives and infinitives are both used to give suggestions, but they achieve this in slightly
different ways. Imperatives are direct and can sound like commands but can also be softened
with "please" or by adding phrases like "be sure to" or "don't forget to". Infinitives often
preceded by "to" offer suggestions.
Try not to forget your keys
Don't forget to go to the library
Remember to take your keys.
Make sure to ask for directions.
Be sure to take an umbrella.
You should check if it´s locked after you close it/ Don´t forget to check if it´s locked….
You have to reset the passcode/ Remember to reset the passcode
Unit 8- Time to
celebrate!!
Relative clauses of time
Relative clauses of time specify when an action or event takes place, They are introduced by
WHEN and provide additional information about a time. They often follow the verb "to be"
and add detail to the time being discussed.
Key points:
Relative Pronoun: "When" is the most common relative pronoun used in time clauses.
Function: They modify a noun related to time (day, year, night).
Order: They can come after the time noun in the main clause or be separated by a comma if
the time clause comes first.
Examples with Different Time Words:
Year: 2004 was the year when David Ortiz won the Baseball World Series.
Day: The day when One Piece upload his episodes on internet is Sunday.
Season: Winter is the season when it gets a little less hot in our island.
Time: The hour when the class begins is 6:00 p.m.
EXAMPLES
My birthday is a celebration when all my friends come to my house.
February 27th is the day when Dominicans celebrate their
Independence Day.
Christmas is the night when people celebrate Jesus’ birthday.
Adverbial clauses of time
Adverbial clauses of time indicate when an action or event takes place in relation to another
action. They answer the question "when?" about the action in the main clause.
EXAMPLES
WHEN: I will call you when I get home/ WHEN I GET HOME, I WILL
CALL YOU /When the bell rings, the class end/ THE CLASS ENDS
WHEN THE RINGS
AFTER: I took a nap after I had lunch/After the movie, we went out
for dinner/ WE WENT OUT AFTER THE MOVIE
BEFORE: Brush your teeth before you go to bed/Before leaving,
please turn off the lights./ PLEASE TURN OFF THE LIGHTS BEFORE YOU LEAVING
Unit 9 -Only time
Will tell.
Time Contrasts
Time contrasts refer to how we express and differentiate between past, present, and future
actions or states.
Past:
Time Expressions we use yesterday, last week, two years ago, in 2020, in the past.
Ex: I went to the store yesterday/ A few years ago, I was skinny/ In the past, you were chubby.
Present:
Time Expressions we use now, today, at the moment, currently, in these days, nowadays.
Ex: In these days, I am living in Puerto Rico/ Nowadays, I wear casual clothes.
Future:
Time Expressions include tomorrow,next week,in the future,soon,in a few years.
Ex: I will travel to Europe next week/ Soon, I might buy a car /In the future, I'm going to wear
expensive clothes.
Conditional sentences with if clauses
Conditional sentences have two parts that give a condition in the dependent
clause and a result in the independent clause. The condition clause usually
contains an if statement.
Formula: If + simple present, will/may/might + base verb
If I see you later, I will say hello
If he doesn't sleep well, he will be tired.
If they don’t hurry, they might miss the train.
If it rains tomorrow, I may stay home.
If she gets the job, she might move to a new city.
Unit 10 –I like
working with
people..
Gerunds: Short answers
Gerunds can be used in short responses to agree or disagree with statements.
Short responses like So do I or Neither can I are common ways to show
agreement or disagreement, using the same auxiliary verb from the original
statement.
Affirmative sentences with gerunds – Agree- disagree
I like drinking juice – So do I - I don´t
I hate study on weekends- So do I - Really? I like it
I’m good playing guitar - So am I - Oh, I’m not
Negative statements with gerunds – Agree- disagree
I don´t like running- Neither do – I do
Ana isn’t good at cooking - Neither I am – well, I am
I can't stand working on weekends - Neither can I – oh, I don’t mind it
EXAMPLES
Affirmative sentences
I like working with computers - So do I - I don’t
I am good at driving - So I am – oh, I’m not
Negatives sentences
I don’t like talking in front of people -Neither do I - Really? I love that
I can’t stand studying on weekends- Neither can I - Well, I can do it
I am not good at playing soccer - Neither am I - Really? I’m excellent
Clauses with Because
A clause with because is a dependent clause that explains the reason for
something. It always follows a main clause and is introduced by the
subordinating conjunction because.
Key Points:
We don’t need comma before "because" in most cases but If the "because"
clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is used to separate it
from the main clause. Example: "Because it was raining, I stayed home.
Examples:
I could be an excellent lawyer because I’m very good at talking with people.
I could never be a stockbroker because I can’t make decisions quickly.
Because I was feeling tired, I went to bed early
Unit 11 –It´s really
worth seeing!..
Passive with by (simple past)
The past simple passive voice is used to describe actions completed in the past
when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action, not the
performer. This preposition By introduces the agent, the person or thing that
performed the action.
Formula:
was/were + past participle + by + agent
The chef cooked the meal/ the meal was cooked by the chef
They built the house./ the house was built by them
He fixed the car./ They ate the pizza./She bought two apples
The teacher explained the class./I helped Jim a lot .
Passive without by (simple present)
The passive voice in the simple present tense focuses on the action's recipient
rather than the performer In passive voice, the simple present tense is formed
with "am/is/are" + past participle.
Formula:
"am/is/are" + past participle.
The car is washed every week.
The project is completed
The emails are sent to the clients.
The food is not cooked by the chef.
Someone opens the window.
PLAY
EAT
CLEAN UP
SLEEP
DRIVE
PICK UP
RUN
TURN OFF
READ
PUT ON
HUG
SING
TEACH
WRITE
SWIM
COOK
WALK
DRINK
LISTEN
TO/HEAR
CALL
TURN ON
THINK
PAINT
PRAY
j
