PostMortem Examination

The Search For Hidden Truths

Necropsy a small walkth

 Introduction

•Post-mortem (meaning after death)examination refers to

an examination and dissection of a dead body to
determine cause of death or the changes produced by
disease.

•Post-mortem is also called as autopsy and necropsy.

•But the term “autopsy”(Greek autos –self, opis –view)

means “to see for oneself”, it’s a misnomer which is
commonly used,and the term “Necropsy”(Greek ,necro –
dead, opis-view). What is postmortem
examination
 History of Autopsy

• More than 1800 years ago, GALEN (129-201 AD),did for first
time dissection on animals and primates.

• Fredrick II (1194-1250) authorised human dissection,

• Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902) founder of modern

pathology,
 History of Autopsy in India

• Dr. Edward Bulkely performed ,he first documented medico-

legal autopsy in 1693 in Chennai.

• Dr.Edward Bulkely first corner appointed by British,

• 1882 first medical autopsy was conducted at Grant medical

college, Byculla Mumbai.
 Types of Necropsy
• Academic Autopsy,

• Pathological, hospital or clinical Autopsy,

• Medico-legal Autopsies: –
• Usually done in unnatural death, sudden death and in
case of suspicious death.

• Are carried out by RMP in government hospitals,

Forensic experts(Police Surgeon) in request to
IO(Investigating Officer).
 Objectives of Autopsy
• To establish identify of the deceased body.

• To find out the Cause of Death i.e. Natural or Unnatural.

• Whether death is Homicidal, Suicidal or Accidental.

• To ascertain Time passed since death.

• To asses the weapon used,

• To collect trace evidence, physical evidence &viscera for

chemical and HPE.
• Whether still-birth or live-birth of newly born infant
•
• THE ONLY THING WORSE THAN NO AUTOPSY,
• IS A PARTIAL AUTOPSY

• SO,IN EVERY CASE,THE AUTOPSY MUST BE

• COMPLETE
 Prerequisite for Necropsy
• Written order from the Investing Police Officer.

• Day light
• Place: In the Hospital

• Where the dead body lies

• Identity of the deceased to be established

No unauthorised person should present will doing autopsy.

 Contents of Post-Mortem Report
• Name of the deceased,

• Identification,

• Place, date and time of post-mortem,

• External Examination,
Internal Examination
• Viscera and Samples collected for analysis

• Opinion as to cause and manner of death

Instruments & Accessories for Autopsy
 Stryker Saw:
good for cutting into skull
 Equipment Body Block
Cadaver Table

Placed under the back of

the body causing arms and
• Waist high and is plumbed for running
neck to fall back while
water and has several faucets for pushing the chest upward
washing away blood that is released to make it easier to cut
during the procedure. Raised edges keep open.
blood and fluids from running into the
 General Examination
• Body is weighed, measured and X-rayed
• Photographs are taken of the body (front, back & naked)
• Fingerprints are taken (if any missing, parts are noted)
• Scrape underneath fingernails for evidence
• Examination of clothes
• Age, sex and race are noted
• Eye color, scars, venesection wound, tracheostomy
wound ,moles, tattoos are noted
• Examination of the eyes (blood spots & etc.)
• Any body secretions and gun powder residue/ bullet holes
• Body fluids are drawn from the body for testing (blood,
urine, spinal fluid, vitreous humour from the eye
• Body is cleaned and ready to be put on table
• External Examination of Natural Orifices
For foreign bodies, injuries, discharges (blood/pus,
froth)
• External Examination
Presence of Teeth/Dentures
• Various dental work
• External Examination of Marks
Cord,
ligature mark
Finger marks round the neck
Its exact position,
Manner
Application of the knot
 External Examination to Ascertain
Time Passed Since Death
• Rectal Temperature- . ALGOR MORTIS .

• Hypostasis- . LIVOR MORTIS.

• RIGOR MORTIS.

• Stage of Putrefaction.

• Ova of flies and maggots

 External Examination of Injuries
• From head to foot& from front to back
• Injury: Situation (Position)
• Extent
• Nature (Contusion, Abrasion,
Lacerated, Incised, Stabbed or Punctured)
• Dimension
• Condition of Edges
• Course and direction of bullet
• Direction of blood smear
External Examination Types of Injuries
• Contusion
• Abrasion
• Laceration
• Incised Wound
• Punctured/Stabbed wound
• Burns:-
First Degree
Second Degree
Third Degree
AUTOPSY: INTERNAL EXAMINATION
 INTERNAL EXAMINATION
It consists of:

1. Incising the body

2. Inspecting the various organs
3. Examining the cavities systematically
4. Weighing and measuring the organs
5. Checking for any pathology
6. Putting all the organs back in and padding
7. Suturing the body
 SKIN INCISIONS
1. ‘I’ shaped Incision: It is a straight line incision
extending from the chin to the symphysis pubis.

2. ‘Y’ Shaped Incision: This type of incision starts

near the acromian process and progresses
downwards towards the xiphoid process. The
incision is then extended till the symphysis pubis.
Also, a similar incision is made on the opposite side
of the body.

3. Modified ‘Y’ Shaped: A ‘Y’ shaped incision is made

from the suprasternal notch to symphysis pubis. It
extends from the suprasternal notch over the
clavicle
to its center on both sides and passes upwards over
the neck, behind the ear.
 Internal examination
• Different types of organ removal:

• 1.Virchows method-removal of single organ one

by one

2.Rokitansky method-in situ dissection

3.Letulles method-en masse removal

4.Ghons method-en block removal

ORDER OF EXAMINATION
VIRCHOW’S TECHNIQUE 
Head

Thoracic (Cervical)

Abdominal Organs
 HEAD
• The neck is extended by placing a wooden
block under the shoulders.
• Fix head using a head rest.
• Intermastoidal incision is made i.e. from
the mastoid process behind one ear to the
vertex and again to the mastoid process of
the other ear.
• Scalp flap is reflected forward to the
superciliary ridge and backwards to the
occipital protuberance.
 HEAD
• With the help of a saw, ‘V’ shaped cut is made
so that the skull fits back correctly after
autopsy.
• This ‘V’ shaped cut passes through: the center
of the forehead  base of the mastoid
process  occipital protuberance  the base
of the other mastoid process and back to
the center of the forehead.
 CAUTION
• Care must be taken to avoid any damage to the
meninges or the brain during the process of skull
removal.
• Therefore, chisel and hammer should never be
used.
• Instead, a chisel should be inserted and twisted at
various points in order to remove the skull flap.
• By doing so, superior longitudinal sinus can be
exposed.
 BRAIN
• Dura is incised along the lines of the incision
of the skull  folded to the midline  falx
cerebri is freed from the cribriform plate 
dura is pulled back.
• 4 fingers of the left hand are inserted into the
frontal lobe and the nerves and vessels are
cut.
• Tentorium is also cut along the posterior part
of the petrous bone.
 BRAIN
• A knife is then inserted into the occipital foramen
and the cervical cord  cervical nerves and the
vertebral arteries are cut as far as possible.
• With the right hand the cerebellum is grasped
and examined.
• Any signs of hemorrhage, injury or any other
disease should be carefully seen.
• Vessels, especially the Circle of Willis, should be
checked for any arteriosclerosis or aneurysm etc.
 FIXATION
Brain will start to deteriorate as soon as the
blood supply is interrupted. This deterioration is
rapid and therefore, it is of utmost importance to
arrest this procedure.
This process of preservation of the brain is called
fixation.
There are 2 main methods of fixation:
1. Freezing
2. Prefusion
 FIXATION OF THE BRAIN
Brain is fixed in 10% formalin for
at least 1-2 week(s).
To help with the penetration of the
preservative, lateral fissures are
made through, which tear open
the pia and the arachnoid mater.
A long sagittal cut is made through
the corpus callosum so as to allow
the formalin to pass into the
ventricles.
 AFTER FIXATION
 Brain is placed on a board and the
cerebellum along with the pons and the
medulla are removed.
 Straight cut is made to expose the fourth
ventricle.
 Thereafter an oblique cut is made to expose
the dentate nucleus.
 Entire stem is sectioned at a few millimeters
distance and examined for any pathology.
 Cerebellum is examined by making a series
of sagittal cuts beginning from the frontal
pole passing backwards to the occiput.
 Sequentially cuts are made and serially
placed aside in the same order for later
identification.
 SPINAL CORD
• Not examined unless there is an indication.
• In prone position, wooden block is placed
under the chest and the head is bent
downwards.
• Mid-line incision from the occipital
protuberance to the L4 vertebra is made.
• Muscles are dissected all the way.
• Atlas is disarticulated.
• With the help of a double bladed saw, the
laminae are sawed through the entire length
and separated by a chisel.
 SPINAL CORD
• Dura is cut open and checked for
haemorrhage, inflammation, tumours, pus
etc.
• Nerves are cut from below as they pass
though the spinal formaina.
• And the cord is separated from the
foramen magnum.
• Cord is then sectioned transversely and
serially.
• Lastly, the vertebral column is examined
for any fractures or dislocations.
THORAX

• Chest muscles are dissected away.

• Chest is opened by cutting the costal cartilages with
the help of a cartilage knife.

• In case of elderly subjects, the costal cartilage may be

calcified, hence, a bone saw or a rib shear is used to
cut it out.
• Thereafter, both the sternoclavicular joints are
 HEART
 Held at the apex and lifted Pericardium is incised
upwards so that the and examined for any
pulmonary vessels, SVC & blood or fluids.
IVC and the ascending aorta Heart, opened in the
can be examined. direction of the blood flow
 The pulmonary artery is i.e. (Inflow-outflow
palpated and then the method).
vessels are cut open.
 HEART
 The enterotome is inserted into the:
 RA  Tricuspid valve  RV  Pulmonary Trunk 
Pulmonary vein  LA  Mitral Valve  LV 
Ascending aorta.
 Both the auricular appendages are examined for
thrombi.
 Heart should eventually be weighed and the various
measurements of the circumference of the valves
or the thickness of the ventricles etc. are taken.
CORONARY ARTERY
 Examined by making serial cross sections to check
for ante mortem clots.
 To check for infarction and fibrosis, muscles of the
right and the left ventricles are incised.
SUBENDOCARDIAL HAEMORRHAGE:
 Flame shaped, confluent, patchy, haemorrhages
may be seen in the LV on the left side of the inter
ventricular septum.
 Seen in severe hypotension, intracranial damage,
death due to ectopic pregnancies, arsenic poisoning
 LUNGS
• Anterior surface is faced upwards  PA
is identified and cut as far as possible
using small scissors  check for
atherosclerosis, thrombi or emboli.
• Steps are re-traced via PV  check for
thrombi.
• At hilum, a long bladed knife is placed
with the blunt end facing upwards 
pierced into the hilum and the knife is
turned upwards so that the sharp end
now faces upwards  Sawing motion
 hilum is cut.
 LUNGS
• Lungs are mounted on a board or held in
the left hand incision is made from the
apex to the base.
• Hence, producing an antero-posterior
slice.
• Cut sections are then examined for
consolidations, edema, atelectasis,
congestion, emphysema, Tardieu spots,
emboli etc.
 If PENUMOTHORAX
is suspected:
• Pocket dissection on affected side
between the chest wall and the skin 
filled with water  wall is punctured under
water.
• If bubbles are present  Pneumothorax.

• 16 gauge needle attached to a syringe

without its plunger is inserted into the
subcutaneous tissue over the ICS  water
is filled in the syringe  needle is pierced
into the pleural cavity if water bubbles
are seen  Pneumothorax.
• Thereafter, X-ray is done.
 If AIR EMBOLISM
is suspected:
• In such cases, before touching the thoracic
organs, the pericardium and the heart should
be examined.
• The heart is lifted up and cut open at the apex.
1. Left ventricle is filled with frothy blood if air
is present is good amount.
2. If right ventricle is filled with air, the heart
will float in water.
 If AIR EMBOLISM is suspected:
1. Pericardial sac is filled with water  heart is punctured with
a scalpel and twisted  if bubbles are present  AIR
EMBOLISM.
2. A wide bore needle is attached to a syringe and water is
filled in it  it is inserted in to right ventricle  if air is
present bubbles are seen.
3. PYROGALLOL TEST: 4 mL of 2% freshly prepared pyrogallol is
taken in two 10 mL syringes.
In one of the syringes, 0.5 M NaOH is added. Gas is aspirated
from the right heart and the needle is retracted and
removed. A stopper is fixed to the syringe and the syringe is
shaken. If the aspirate contains air, the colour of the solution
would turn brown.
4. Air in the IVC can be demonstrated by puncturing it
underwater.
5. Lastly, X-ray is done.
 NECK
• Identify the oesophagus  incise it from the posterior
aspect up till the cardiac end of the stomach  inspected
for capsules, tablets or powders.
• Larynx, trachea and the bronchi are also cut from the
posterior aspect and checked for foreign bodies, blood,
mucous, tumours, inflammation etc.
• Thyroid is removed and examined.
• The carotid arteries are examined for thrombi, esp. at
their bifurcation.
• Later, the hyoid bone, cricoid and the thyroid cartilages
ABDOMEN
 ABDOMEN
• 5 cm above the symphysis pubis the rectus
muscles are divided and a small cut is made.
• Middle and the index fingers are then inserted
and spread in a ‘V’ shape.
• Sharp braded knife is inserted between them
and the peritoneum is cut up to the xiphoid
process.
 ABDOMEN
• Firstly, inspection is done and if any
damage, free fluid, perforations etc.
are seen then these are noted.
• Also, note should be made about the
abnormalities, positions, abdominal
organs, adhesions, pathology (if any),
injuries etc.
 STOMACH
After applying double ligatures, the stomach is
opened along the greater curvature  from the
cardiac to the pyloric end  size of the pyloric ring is
noted.
Contents are examined for any nature of food which
might be present & its state of digestion, smell,
colour, character, the presence of foreign bodies or
any other suspicious matter etc.
Mucous membrane is examined for congestion,
haemorrhage, ulcerations or any other abnormality.
 INTESTINES
• Note the colour, consistency, adhesions,
herniae, haemorrhage, serosal surface etc.
• Small intestine is opened along its line of
mesenteric attachments.
• Large intestine is opened along the anterior
taenia coli.
• Examined for inflammation, congestion,
erosions, perforations etc.
 LIVER
• Either liver is removed by itself or attached to
the stomach and the duodenum.
• It is examined for its weight, size, consistency
and for the presence of any other pathology /
injury.
• It is cut along the long axis into 2 cm thick
slices.
 SPLEEN
• It is removed by itself.
• Size, weight, consistency, capsule condition,
rupture injuries or any pathology is noted.
• This is also sectioned along its long axis and
the character of the septa and the
parenchyma are noted.
 PANCREAS
• Along the long axis cuts are made at right
angles.
• Examined for fat necrosis.
 KIDNEYS
• Size and weight are noted.
• Capsules are excised and
examined carefully.
• Kidney is sectioned
longitudinally the convex
border of the hilum so that it
splits into half and opens the
pelvis.
• Checked for calculi,
inflammation etc.
• Ureter is cut into and
examined.
 BLADDER
• Incision is made from the
fundus and carried to the
urethra.
• Wall condition, amount
and character of urine is
noted.
PROSTATE & TESTES
• Examined for enlargement and malignancies.
• Vertical cross-sections are made through the lateral and
median lobes and the prostate is split open for examination.

• Inguinal canal is incised from the peritoneal aspect and the

loop of the vas deference is pulled to free it from the
internal inguinal ring.
• The testes is pushed with one hand and pulled out of the
scrotum easily by the other.
• These are cut longitudinally and checked for any clotted
blood inside the scrotum and in the testis.
 FEMALE GENITALIA
• Vagina and the uterus are cut either anteriorly
or posteriorly upto the fundus.
• Two short incisions are made at the fundus
from the main incision towards each cornu so
as to expose the endometrium.
• Ovaries are sectioned longitudinally and the
fallopian tubes are cut longitudinally.
If the uterus contains a foetus, its age should
be determined.
 AFTER COMPLETING
INTERNAL EXAMINATIONS
• Body cavities should be cleaned and made free from
blood, fluids etc.
• Organs are placed back in and excess space is packed
with cotton/cloth etc. (esp. in the pelvis and the neck
regions.)
• Dissection flaps are closed and sutured with thin twine.
• Skull is filled with cotton and absorbent material and
the skull cap is placed back in and the scalp is stitched.
• Body is washed with water, dried, covered with clothes
and handed over to the police officials.