SCSB3032 - CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION
Origins of Cloud computing Cloud components - Essential characteristics On-demand self-service -
Broad network access - Location independent resource pooling -Rapid elasticity - measured service -
Comparing cloud providers with traditional IT service providers - Roots of cloud computing.

UNIT 2 CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE

Data center components: IT equipment and facilities design considerations: Requirements, Power,
Efficiency and Redundancy Power Calculations - PUE and challenges in cloud data centers - Cloud
management and cloud software deployment considerations Virtualization - Types of virtualization
Implementation levels of virtualization (CPU, Memory, I/O).

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 SCSB3032 - CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT 3 CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
Layers and models layers in cloud architecture - Software as a Service (SaaS) -features of SaaS and
benefits - Platform as a Service ( PaaS ) - Features of PaaS and benefits - Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) - Features of IaaS and benefits - Service providers - challenges and risks in cloud adoption.
Cloud deployment model: Public clouds Private clouds Community clouds - Hybrid clouds -
Advantages of cloud computing.

UNIT 4 CLOUD COMPUTING SOFTWARE SECURITY

Cloud information security objectives Confidentiality Integrity Availability - Cloud security services
-Relevant cloud security design principles - Secure cloud software requirements - Secure
development practices - Approaches to cloud software requirement engineering - Cloud security
policy implementation. 2
 SCSB3032 - CLOUD COMPUTING
UNIT 5 CLOUD STORAGE
Introduction to storage systems - Cloud storage concepts - Distributed File Systems (HDFS,
Ceph FS) -Cloud databases (HBase, MongoDB, Cassandra, Dynamo DB) - Cloud object
storage (Amazon S3,OpenStack Swift, Ceph).

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SCSB3032 - CLOUD COMPUTING

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SCSB3032 - CLOUD COMPUTING

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 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION

Origins of cloud computing Measured service

Cloud components Comparing cloud providers
Essential characteristics with traditional IT service
On-demand self-service providers
Broad network access Roots of cloud computing.
Location independent resource
pooling
Rapid elasticity
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 WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
 Distributed computing on internet Or delivery of computing service over the internet.
 Eg: ,Yahoo, GMail, Hotmail
 Instead of running an e-mail program on your computer, you log in to a Web e-mail account
remotely.
 The software and storage for your account doesn't exist on your computer it's on the service's
computer cloud.
 Cloud computing involves providing computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the internet ("the cloud") to enable faster
innovation, greater flexibility, and cost efficiency.

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 WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?
 Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and
applications.

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 HISTORY
 Concept evolved in 1950(IBM) called RJE (Remote Job Entry Process).
 In 2006 Amazon provided First public cloud AWS(Amazon Web Service).

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 INTRODUCTION

 Cloud Computing provides us a means by which we can access the applications as utilities, over the

Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize applications online.

 With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the internet from anywhere for as long as

they need without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources.

 Cloud computing relies on a network to deliver its services, and these networks can be classified as either

public or private:

 Public networks are open and accessible to everyone. The most common example is the internet.

 Cloud services like Google Drive, AWS, or Microsoft Azure are typically delivered over the internet.

 Users connect to the cloud via the internet to access resources like storage, applications, or processing
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 INTRODUCTION
 Private networks are restricted and designed for specific organizations or users. They are often
used when additional security and control are required.
 WAN (Wide Area Network): Connects multiple locations of an organization (e.g., branch
offices).
 LAN (Local Area Network): Connects devices within a small area, like an office or building.
 VPN (Virtual Private Network): Provides secure access to private networks over the internet
by encrypting the connection.

 Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM),

all run in cloud.

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 INTRODUCTION

 Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the applications online.

 It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.

 Cloud Computing is both a combination of software and hardware based computing resources

delivered as a network service.

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 INTRODUCTION
 Cloud computing: Anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
 "X as a Service" (XaaS) is a term used to refer to the delivery of anything as a service via the
internet.
 These services are
 IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service
 PaaS: Platform as a Service
 SaaS: Software as a Service
 AaaS: Application as a Service
 HaaS: Hardware as a Service
 MaaS (Management as a Service),
 CaaS (Communications as a Service)
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 WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING?

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

 Developing new applications and services

 Storage, back up, and recovery of data

 Hosting blogs and websites

 Delivery of software on demand

 Analysis of data

 Streaming videos and audios

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 NEED OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• Small as well as some large IT companies follows the traditional methods to provide the IT

infrastructure

• In their server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,

routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will be

handled by the server) , configurable system, high net speed and the maintenance engineers.

• To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these

problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

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 NEED OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Scalability: Cloud computing services enable organizations to effortlessly scale up or down their
computer capacity to suit changing demands. The flexibility is especially advantageous for
organizations with varying workloads or seasonal demand since it helps them to avoid the cost of
maintaining superfluous infrastructure.
 Accessibility: Cloud Service can be accessed from anywhere. It provides the ability for remote
workers they can collaborate and access the same resources as their in-organization colleagues.
 Security: Another amazing characteristic of cloud computing is that it is highly secure. Cloud
computing provides robust security measures to protect their client’s data from unauthorized users
or access.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Another benefit of using cloud computing is that it is cost-effective and Cloud
services are generally priced on a pay-per-user basis which means organizations have to pay when
they use the service. 17
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
On-demand self-service
Users can access computing services via the cloud when they need to without interaction from
the service provider. The computing services should be fully on-demand so that users have
control and agility to meet their evolving needs.
Broad network access
Cloud computing services are widely available via the network through users’ preferred tools
(e.g., laptops, desktops, smartphones, etc.).
Resource pooling
One of the most attractive elements of cloud computing is the pooling of resources to deliver
computing services at scale. Resources, such as storage, memory, processing, and network
bandwidth, are pooled and assigned to multiple consumers based on demand. 18
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Rapid elasticity

Successful resource allocation requires elasticity. Resources must be assigned accurately and

quickly with the ability to absorb significant increases and decreases in demand without service

interruption or quality degradation.

Measured service

Following the utility model, cloud computing services are measured and metered. This

measurement allows the service provider (and consumer) to track usage and gauge costs

according to their demand on resources.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Agility
 The cloud works in the distributed computing environment. It shares resources among users and works very fast.
High availability and reliability
 Availability of servers is high and more reliable, because chances of infrastructure failure are minimal.
High Scalability
 Means "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having engineers for peak loads.
Multi-Sharing
 With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by
sharing common infrastructure.
Device and Location Independence
 Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device
they use e.g. PC, mobile phone etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via
the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Maintenance
Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.
Low Cost
By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.
Services in pay-per-use mode
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can access
services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of services.

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 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
On-Demand Self-Service
 Users can instantly access computing resources (like virtual machines, storage, or databases)
without waiting for approval or manual setup by IT staff.
 A software developer logs in to Amazon Web Services (AWS) and creates a new virtual server
in 2 minutes without contacting anyone.
 Like using an ATM machine: You don’t need to talk to a bank teller. You just insert your card,
press a button, and withdraw money.
 Faster service delivery, No human dependency

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 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Broad Network Access
 Cloud services can be accessed over the internet, from any location and any device (laptop,
smartphone, tablet) using standard protocols.
 You can access Google Docs from your phone, tablet, or laptop, and continue editing the same
file from anywhere.
 Like watching YouTube as long as you have a device and internet connection, you're good to
go.
 Anytime, anywhere access, Device independence

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 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Resource Pooling
 Cloud providers combine computing resources into a central pool and assign them to users as
needed. Users don’t know or care where the resources are physically located.
 When you upload a photo to Google Photos, the system stores it across multiple data centers.
You don’t know the exact server or location.
 Like using electricity from the grid: You just plug in your device and get power; you don’t
know which power plant it's coming from.

 Efficient use of resources, Dynamic allocation and Cost savings for provider and user

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 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Rapid Elasticity
 Cloud services can be automatically scaled up or down based on real-time demand. This is
often handled by the system without manual input.
 An e-commerce website like Amazon can handle millions of users during a sale. As traffic
increases, more servers are automatically added. Once the sale ends, extra servers are
removed.
 Like a rubber band that stretches and contracts based on need.
 No overpaying for unused resources, High availability during traffic spikes

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 ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

 Measured Service

 Cloud usage is measured and monitored, so customers are billed only for what they use, like

electricity or water.

 On Microsoft Azure, if you use a virtual machine for 10 hours, you’re only charged for those

10 hours not for the whole day or month.

 Like a taxi meter it runs only when you're using the service, and you’re billed accordingly.

 Transparent billing, Cost control for users and Usage tracking

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD COMPUTING AND TRADITIONAL
COMPUTING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD COMPUTING AND TRADITIONAL
COMPUTING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD COMPUTING AND TRADITIONAL
COMPUTING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD COMPUTING AND TRADITIONAL
COMPUTING
 CLOUD-COMPUTING SERVICE MODELS
Infrastructure as a Service:
Infrastructure as a service provides companies with computing resources including servers,
networking, storage, and datacentre space on a pay-per-use basis.
For example, Amazon’s web service.
Platform as a Service:
It offers a developmental environment to application developers without the cost and complexity of
buying and managing the underlying hardware, software, provisioning, and hosting.
For example, Google app engine.
Software as a Service:
It is a method of delivering software applications over the Internet, on demand and typically on a
subscription basis.
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 CLOUD-COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS
Private cloud:
It provides access of cloud infrastructure within the organisation (e.g., business units). It may be
owned, managed, and operated by the organisation in which a third party or some other
combinations of them.
Community cloud:
It enables access to cloud infrastructure by the group of Organisations in which mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations are similar. It may be owned, managed, and
operated by one or more organisations in the community, a third party, or a combination of them.

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 CLOUD-COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS
Public cloud:
It facilitates an easy access of cloud infrastructure to the general public. It may be owned,
managed, and operated by a business, an academic, or government organisation, or a combination
of them.
Hybrid cloud:
It combines two or more types of cloud such as private, public or community.

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 CLOUD-COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS
 There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing
feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud
computing:

 Deployment Models

 Service Models

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 DEPLOYMENT MODELS
 Cloud deployment models define how cloud services are made available to users and
organizations.
 Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located?
Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.

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 PUBLIC CLOUD

 The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public

 Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

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 PRIVATE CLOUD

 The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It

offers increased security because of its private nature.

 Examples: VMware vSphere, Microsoft Azure Stack, OpenStack.

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 COMMUNITY CLOUD

 The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by group of

organizations.

 Examples: Government clouds, healthcare clouds.

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 HYBRID CLOUD

 The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the critical activities are

performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public

cloud.

 Examples: Microsoft Azure Hybrid Cloud, AWS Outposts, Google Anthos.

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 MULTICLOUD
 The Multicloud model involves using cloud services from multiple cloud providers, often for
different services or applications.
 This approach provides flexibility, redundancy, and the ability to choose the best services from
each provider.
 Examples: Using AWS for storage, Microsoft Azure for AI services, and Google Cloud for
machine learning.

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 MULTICLOUD

 Another example can be: suppose you are a big IT service provider using a multi-cloud

strategy and deploying Microsoft Azure for databases, AWS for app development and testing,

and Google Cloud for website and further platform scaling.

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 SERVICE MODELS

 Cloud computing offers several service models that define the type of services and resources

provided to users. Each service model offers a different level of control, management, and

flexibility, depending on the user’s needs.

These can be categorized into three basic service models as listed below:

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 Platform as a Service (PaaS)

 Software as a Service (SaaS)

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 INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS)

 IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. With IaaS, users can rent

infrastructure like virtual machines, storage, and networks, without having to manage or

maintain physical hardware.

• Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)

• Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines

• Google Cloud Platform Compute Engine

• IBM Cloud Virtual Servers

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INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS)

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 PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)
 PaaS provides a platform that allows developers to build, deploy, and manage applications
without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
 It includes the operating system, middleware, and runtime environment.
 PaaS typically abstracts away the underlying hardware and operating systems, enabling
developers to focus on writing code and managing the application.
• Google App Engine
• Microsoft Azure App Service
• AWS Elastic Beanstalk
• Heroku

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PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)

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 SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)
 SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.
 SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides licensed multi-tenant access to
software and its functions remotely as a Web-based service.
 Usually billed based on usage
 SaaS delivers fully functional software applications over the internet.
 In this model, the cloud service provider manages everything from the infrastructure to the
application.
 Users can access the software via a web browser, and they do not need to worry about
installation, maintenance, or updates. SaaS applications are often subscription-based.

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 SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)

 Google Workspace (formerly G Suite): Includes Gmail, Google Docs, Google Sheets, etc.

 Microsoft 365 (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.)

 Salesforce (CRM platform)

 Dropbox (File storage and collaboration)

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SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)

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 ADVANTAGES
 Lower computer costs
 Improved performance
 Reduced software costs
 Instant software updates
 Improved document format compatibility
 Unlimited storage capacity
 Increased data reliability
 Universal document access
 Latest version availability
 Easier group collaboration
 Device independence
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 DISADVANTAGES

 Requires a constant Internet connection

 Does not work well with low-speed connections Features might be limited

 Can be slow

 Stored data can be lost

 Stored data might not be secure

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

 Cloud architecture refers to how various cloud technology components, such as hardware,

virtual resources, software capabilities, and virtual network systems interact and connect to

create cloud computing environments.

 In today’s modern and developing world the organizations are adopting cloud technology. The

key reason to adopt cloud technology is to store the information and access it from any part of

the world with the help of the internet. Let’s start with cloud computing architecture.

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COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 The Components of Cloud Computing Architecture are mentioned below and they are

as follows:
1. Client Infrastructure
2. Application Service
3. Runtime
4. Storage
5. Infrastructure
6. Management
7. Security

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

 The Cloud Computing Architecture is categorized into two main aspects such as:

 Front End

 Back End

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Front End is mainly used by the client-side. It contains the interfaces which are essential for
accessing the platforms of cloud computing.
 The front End involves the web browser, which is used by web servers, for example, Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer and others.
 It also has thin and fat clients, followed by tablets and mobile devices.
 A thick client is a computer that performs most of its processing and data storage locally.
 A thin client is a lightweight computer that relies on a server for most of its processing and
data storage
 Cloud Infrastructure is build with hardware and software components, For example, Data
Storage, Server, Virtualization Software, etc.

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Back End has the complete responsibility of monitoring all the programs responsible for
running the applications on the Front End.
 It is mainly used by the service provider. It has to manage all the resources which are
necessary for providing Cloud Computing Services.
 Back End involves massive amounts of data storage, security operations, virtual machines,
servers, and many more.

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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Application

 Application in the Back End of Cloud Architecture refers to a platform or the software on which

the client has access. In simple words, it will provide the service in the backend according to the

client’s requirements.
 Service

 Back End refers to three types of cloud services such as Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Service also has the role of

managing the class of service the user accesses.

 Cloud Runtime

 In Back End Cloud, Runtime is referred to the provision of runtime and execution environment in
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 COMPONENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Storage
 Cloud Computing Storage will offer flexible and scalable services along with the management of old stored data.
Infrastructure
 Cloud Infrastructure refers to hardware and the software unit, including servers, storage, network devices,
virtualization software, etc.
Management
 Management of Back End components refers to managing units as application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, other security mechanisms, etc.
Security
 Executing various security mechanisms in the Back End to secure the cloud assets.
Internet
 Internet Connection is the primary approach between the Front End and Back End. It creates the relation and
communication between FrontEnd and BackEnd.
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CLOUD STORAGE

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 CLOUD COMPONENTS
 It has three components
 1.) Client computers
 2.) Distributed Servers
 3.) Datacenters

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 Clients are the device that the end user interact with cloud.
 three types of clients:
1.) Mobile
2.) Thick
3.) Thin (Most Popular)

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Datacenter
 It is collection of servers where application is placed and is accessed via internet.

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 DISTRIBUTED SERVERS
 Often servers are in geographically different places, but server acts as if they are working next to each
other.

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 CENTRAL SERVER
 It Administers the system such as monitoring traffic, client demands to ensure everything runs
smoothly.
 It uses a special type of software called Middleware.
 Middleware allow computer to communicate each other.

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Mainframe Computing (1950s – 1970s)
 Share one large computer among many users
 These machines were costly, filled entire rooms, and made it impractical for users to own
personal ones.
 Big, expensive computers (mainframes) were used by many people using terminals (screens
with keyboards, no processing power).
 Time-sharing allowed multiple users to access the mainframe at the same time.
 Resource sharing
 Multi-user access

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Client-Server Model (1980s – 1990s)
 Divide work between servers (backend) and clients (frontend)
 Businesses started using servers to manage data and services.
 Clients (PCs) sent requests, and servers responded.

 Distributed computing
 Separation of user and processing power

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Virtualization (1990s – 2000s)
 Run multiple virtual machines on one physical machine
 Virtual machines (VM) allow a single host to run several operating systems, encouraging
better resource management and separation in computing environments
 Tools like VMware allowed computers to run multiple operating systems at once.
 Resources (CPU, RAM, storage) could be virtually divided.

 Efficient use of hardware

 Flexibility and isolation

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Internet and Web Evolution (1990s – 2000s)
 Access software and data through the internet
 Rise of the World Wide Web (WWW) and browsers
 People started using webmail (e.g., Yahoo Mail) and online storage
 Salesforce, founded in 1999, was one of the first companies to embrace the cloud.
 It proposed that companies could access software applications over the Internet, instead of
installing software directly on computers—introducing the concept of Software as a Service
(SaaS).
 Web-based access
 Online services

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Grid Computing (Late 1990s – 2000s)
 Where masses of computers worked together to carry out large-scale tasks.
 Use multiple computers to solve one large task
 Each computer processed a small part of a big problem.
 Resource pooling
 Parallel processing

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Utility Computing (Early 2000s)
 Pay only for the computing you use like electricity
 Companies like IBM and Sun Microsystems began offering computing services like a utility.
 Users paid based on usage (CPU time, storage).
 Pay-as-you-go model
 Measured service

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Birth of Modern Cloud
 Full cloud platforms offering scalable, automated, and global services
 Amazon Web Services (AWS) launched in 2006, offering EC2 (virtual machines) and S3
(storage).
 Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure soon followed.
 Cloud evolved into a full ecosystem (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
 On-demand service
 Elasticity
 Global scalability

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 ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING
 Can you imagine being able to access your favorite music, photographs, and documents from
anywhere on the planet, using any device?
 That is what cloud computing does.
 But how did it all come together?
 It was not instant
 it came about after decades of input from various fields of computing
 CLOUD'S HUMBLE BEGINNINGS

 Cloud computing allows data or applications to be stored and accessed via the internet, making

it possible to do away with local storage.

 It enables businesses and individuals to scale resource capabilities on demand, making digital

life much more flexible and efficient.

 1950S - THE AGE OF MAINFRAMES
 Shared computing dates back to the 1950s when large organizations housed mainframe
computers.
 These machines were costly, filled entire rooms, and made it impractical for users to own
personal ones.
 Instead, users had access to shared terminals connected to a single mainframe.

 Resource-sharing was a basic step toward cloud computing

 it laid the foundations for sharing between many users through a centralized computing
system.
 1960S - THE EMERGENCE OF TIME-SHARED SYSTEMS
 In the 1960s, researchers found ways to increase computing power by time-sharing.
 This meant that a computer could be shared by several users, rapidly switching between tasks,
making it appear as if every user had their own machine.

 J.C.R. Licklider, one of the great computer scientists, envisioned an "Intergalactic Computer
Network"
 predicting a future where computers worldwide could be linked an early dream of the future
Internet and cloud computing.
 1970S - TOWARDS VIRTUALIZATION
 1970s marked a breakthrough with virtualization technology.
 Virtual machines (VM) allow a single host to run several operating systems, encouraging
better resource management and separation in computing environments.

 Virtualization, which became the core concept of cloud computing, is heavily used by modern
cloud providers for flexible computing resources.
1980S - THE RISE OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS AND NETWORKING
 In the 1980s, the personal computer revolution brought computing to homes and small offices.
 Networking technologies evolved, enabling file sharing and communication across computers
within local area networks (LANs).

 Although cloud computing wasn't a household term yet, some companies began recognizing
the need for remote computing services.
 THE INTERNET AND EARLY CLOUD CONCEPTS
1990s - The Birth of the World Wide Web and Initial Cloud Services

 The early 1990s saw the rise of the World Wide Web, changing everything.
 With the delivery of software and services over the Internet, Application Service Providers (ASPs)
emerged.
 ASPs hosted applications on centralized servers and allowed users to access them remotely.
 Salesforce, founded in 1999, was one of the first companies to embrace the cloud.
 It proposed that companies could access software applications over the Internet, instead of installing
software directly on computers—introducing the concept of Software as a Service (SaaS).
 Grid computing also gained traction during this period, where masses of computers worked together
to carry out large-scale tasks. These activities contributed to the creation of modern-day cloud data
centers.
 2000S - INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE (IAAS)
 The term Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) was coined in the early 2000s.
 The evolution of IaaS can be traced back to Amazon's Web Services (AWS), launched in 2006.

Following IaaS, other cloud service models emerged −

 PaaS (Platform as a Service) − Google and Microsoft began offering developers complete
platforms to create and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.
 SaaS Expansion − Popular online applications like Google Docs and Dropbox allowed users to
save and edit files online, familiarizing them with cloud-based services.

 These changes revolutionized how businesses and individuals utilized computing resources,
making them more scalable, cost-effective, and accessible.
 CLOUD IN EVERYDAY LIFE
 If you've streamed a movie on Netflix, backed up pictures on Google Drive, or talked to an AI-
powered assistant like Alexa, you've already engaged with cloud technology.
It plays a crucial role in:
 Gaming − Xbox Cloud Gaming and NVIDIA GeForce Now allow users to enjoy high-end
games without costly hardware.
 Healthcare − Cloud-based medical records help doctors access patient information from
anywhere.
 Finance − Banks use cloud systems for fraud detection, online transactions, and customer data
management.
 Businesses adopt cloud computing based on the "pay-as-you-go" model, consuming resources
cost-effectively as their demand grows.
 CLOUD THAT CHANGES
 Cloud computing has transformed how people access and store information, from the first
mainframes in the 1950s to today's AI-powered cloud systems.
 The journey of cloud computing continues, constantly evolving to make computing more
efficient, scalable, and accessible.