Practical Research 2

Quantitative
Research
 Group the ff. word clues if they are characteristics
of Quantitative Research or Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective

2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental Group 13. Tables and Charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured Observation 14. Deductive
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
 Group the ff. word clues if they are characteristics
of Quantitative Research or Qualitative Research
1. Measurable 6. Text-based 11. Subjective
2. Behavior 7. Intervention 12. Small sample
3. Statistical 8. Experimental Group 13. Tables and Charts
4. Narrative 9. Unstructured Observation 14. Deductive
5. Objective 10. Inductive 15. Generalizable
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Numerical data are generally easier to collect than descriptions or
phrases used in qualitative research.
Example
• Student grades in different subject
• Number of hours of engagement in social media platforms or teens
• Percentage of consumers who prefer the color blue for soap
packaging
• Average daily of Covid-19 patient recovery per region
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Some data on the other hand, are not directly countable and thus requires
conversion from non-numerical information into numerical information. For
instance, determining which brand of canned sardines is the best choice for
consumers in terms of taste cannot be expressed in numbers unless we do a
survey using a rating scale. Several forms or rating scales are available, e.g., the
Likert scale that we can use to quantify data. Usually they come in a selection
of numbers with a corresponding meaning for each choice, for example: 1=
undesirable taste 2=satisfactory 3=tastes very good. Numerical choices
convert text into numbers so the researcher can perform mathematical
operations for faster, more accurate and more objective analysis.
Likert Scale for Customer
Satisfaction
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the
data must come form a large sample size.
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• OBJECTIVE. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately,
objectively, and are unaffected by the researchers intuition and
personal guesses.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• VISUAL RESULT PRESENTATION. Data is numerical which makes
presentation through graphs, charts
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• FASTER DATA ANALYSIS. The use of statistical tools give way for a less
time consuming data analysis.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• GENERALIZED DATA. Data taken form a sample can be applied to the
population if sampling is done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and
random samples were taken
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• FAST DATA COLLECTION. Depending on
the type of data needed, collection can
be quick and easy. Quantitative
research uses standardized research
instruments that allow the researcher
to collect data from a large sample size
efficiently. For instance, a single survey
form can be administered
simultaneously to collect various -
measurable characteristics like age,
gender, socio-economic status, etc.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• RELIABLE DATA. Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample
as a representative of population, making it more credible and reliable
for policy making and decision making.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
• REPLICATION. The quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings
enhancing its validity, free from false or immature conclusions.
• CONTAIN MEASURABLE VARIABLES.Data gathering
instruments contain items that solicit measurable
characteristics of the population. These measurable
characteristics are referred to as the variables of the study,
such as age, the number of children, educational status, and
economic status.
STRENGTH OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• It can be repeated or replicated
• Findings are generalizable to the population
• Conclusive establishment of cause and effect
• Numerical and quantifiable data can be used to predict outcomes.
• Fast and easy data analysis using statistical software.
• Fast and easy data gathering
• Very objective
• Validity and reliability can be established
Weaknesses of Quantitative
Research
• It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
• It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human experiences
• Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as
feelings, and beliefs.
• The research design is rigid and not very flexible
• The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses
• The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses
• A large sample size makes data collection more costly.
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Descriptive design is used to describe a particular
phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature.
• There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher
does not start with a hypothesis.
• The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the
person or object of the study.
• An example of descriptive research design is “the
determination of the different kinds of physical activities and
how often high school students do it during the quarantine
period.”
1. Descriptive Research Design – seeks to describe the current status
of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to
provide systematic information about a phenomenon. The
researcher does not usually begin with hypothesis, but is likely to
develop one after collecting data. The analysis and synthesis of the
data provide the test of the hypothesis. Systematic collection of
information requires careful selection of units studied and careful
measurement of each variable.

- A description of how second-grade students spend their time during

summer vacation.
- A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers
- A description of the attitudes of scientist about global warming
- A description of how parents feel about the twelve month school
year
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
• The correlational design identifies the
relationship between variables. Data is collected
by observation since it does not consider the
cause and effect, for example, the relationship
between the amount of physical activity done
and student academic achievement.
Correlational Research Design- attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between
two or more variables, using statistical data.
In this type of design, relationship among a number of facts are sought and interpreted This
type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its
analysis to prove causes for these observe patterns. Cause and effect is not is not the basis of
this type of observational research. The data, relationship and the distributions of variables
are studied only. Variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are studied as
they occur in a natural setting.
*Sometimes correlational research is considered a type of descriptive research, and not as its
own type of research, as no variables are manipulated in the study.

- The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem

- The relationship between diet and anxiety
- The relationship between aptitude test and success in algebra courses
- The covariance of smoking and lung cancer
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible
relationship between previous events and present
conditions.
• The term “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at
the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon.
• Just like the first two, there is no experimental manipulation
in this design.
• An example of this is “How does the parent’s academic
achievement affect the children obesity?”
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
• A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-
effect relationship of variables.
• Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-
experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of random
selection and assignment of subjects.
• Here, the independent variable is identified but not
manipulated. The researcher does not modify pre-existing
groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment
(experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to
treatment (control): example, the effects of unemployment on
attitude towards following safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.
Causal-Comparative/ Quasi- Experimental Research- attempts to
establish cause and effect relationships among variable. Independent
variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and
effect of the IV on the DV are measured.

- The effect of taking multivitamins on a students school absenteeism

- The effect of gender on algebra achievement
- The effect of part time employment on the achievement of high
school students.
- The effect of age on lung capacity
 Kinds of Quantitative Research
• Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to
establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two or
more variables.
• This design provides a more conclusive result because it
uses random assignment of subjects and experimental
manipulations.
• For example, a comparison of the effects of various
blended learning to the reading comprehension of
elementary pupils.
 Experimental Research Design- often called true experimentation, uses the
scientific method to establish cause-effect relationship among a group of variable
that make up a study. IV are manipulated to determine the effect on the DV.

- The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer

- The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward school
- A comparison of the effect of personalized instruction vs traditional instruction
on computational skills
- The effect of teaching with a cooperative group strategy or a traditional lecture
approach on students achivement.