UNIT 8

Conditionals- wishes- would rather/

had better- unreal past.

Te a m 4
 1.Conditionals.

Contents 2.If- when.

3.Mixed conditionals.

4.Wishes.

5.Had better/would rather.

6.The unreal Present and past.

1.Conditionals:

-Are clauses introduced with if. There are three

types of conditionals clause:
+ Type 1.
+ Type 2.
+ Type 3.
-There is also another common type, type 0.
 1.1: Type 0
- They are used to express something which is
always true. We can use when(= whenever)
instead of if.
If- clauses( hypothesis) Main clause ( result)

If + present simple Present simple

If the temperature falls below 0°C ,

water turns into ice.
 1.2: Type 1
- They are used to express real or very probable
situations in the present or future.

If- clauses( hypothesis) Main clause ( result)

If + present simple/ Future/ imperative/ can/ may/

continuous/ perfect/ might/ must/should/could +
perfect continuous. bare infinitive.
If he doesn't pay the fine, he will go to prison.
If you have finished your work, we can have a
 1.3: Type 2
- They are used to express imaginary situations
which are contrary to facts in the present and,
therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present
or future.
If- clauses( hypothesis) Main clause ( result)

If + past simple or past Would/ could/ might + bare

simple continuous. infinitive.

If I had time, I would take up a sport ( but I don't have time)

If I were you, I would talk to my parents about it.( Giving
 1.4: Type 3
- They are used to express imaginary situations
which are contrary to facts in the past. They are
also used to express regrets or criticism.
If- clauses( hypothesis) Main clause ( result)

If + past perfect or past Would/ could/ might + have +

perfect continuous. past participle.

If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test.
If he hadn't been acting so foolishly, he wouldn't have been
- When the if-clauses comes before the main
clauses, the two clauses are separated with
a comma, when the main clauses comes
before the if-clauses, then no comma is
necessary.
Eg: If I see Tim, I'll give him his
book.
I'll give Tim his book if I see
him.
- We do not normally use will, would or should
in an if-clause. However, we can use will or
would after if to make a polite request or
express insistence or uncertainty.
- We can use should after if to talk about
something which is possible, but not very
Eg:
likely to happen.

If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go

camping.
If Tom should call, tell him I'll be late.
- We can use unless instead of if...not in the if-
clauses of type 1 conditionals. The verb is
always in the affirmative after unless.
Eg: Unless you leave now, you'll miss the bus.
- We can use were instead of was for all
persons in the if-clause of Type 2 conditionals.
Eg: If Rick was/were here, we could have a
party.
- We use if I were you... When we want to give
Eg: If I were you, I advice.
wouldn't complain about it.
 - The following expressions can be used
instead of if: provided/ providing that/ as
long as, suppose/ supposing, etc.
Eg:
- You can see Mr Carter provided you have an
appointment.( If you have an appointment...).
- We will all have dinner together providing Mary
comes on time. ( ...if Mary comes...)
 2: IF- WHEN
- We use if to say that something might happen.
- We use When to say that something will definitely
happen.
If you see Mark, will you give him the message?
( you might see Mark)
When you see Mark, will you give him the
message?
( It is certain that you will see Mark)
 3: Mixed conditionals.
- All the types of conditionals can be mixed. Any
tense combinations is possible if the context
permits.
 4: Wishes
- We use the verb wish and the expression of only to
express a wish. If only is more emphatic than I wish.
- Wish/ if only + past simple/ past continuous: when we
want to say that we would like something to be different
Eg: I wish/ if only I had
in athe
room of my own. ( but I don't
present.
have a room of my own.
- Wish/ if only + past perfect: to express regret that
something happened or did not happen in the past.
Eg: I wish I had got your message earlier.( But I didn't get
it earlier)
If only I had talked to him( but I didn't talk to him).
4: Wishes
- Wish/ if only + would:
+ For a polite imperative:
Eg: I wish you would stop shouting.
+ To express our wish for a change in a situation or
someone's behaviour because we are annoyed by it:
Eg: I wish the wind would stop blowing.
fter the subject pronouns I and we, we use could instead of
Eg: I wish we could go to the party.
would
* We can use were instead of was after wish or if only.
Eg: I wish she were/ was more sensitive.
 5: Had better/ would
- We use Had better+ bare infinitive to give advice
rather
or to say what the best thing to do in a particular
Eg: You had/
situation is. 'd better take some warm clothes with you.
* Had better is stronger than should/ought to, but it is not
as strong as must.
- We use would rather (= would perfect to) to
expressEg: I'm busy. I'd rather not take a break now.
preference
- When the subject or would rather is also the subject of
the following verb, we use the following constructions:
. + Would rather+ bare present infinitive ( eg: I'd rather stay at home
today)
. + Would rather+ bare perfect infinitive ( past). ( eg: I'd have gone on
holiday to Italy last year.
- When the subject or would rather is different from the
subject of the following verb, we use the following
constructions:
. + Would rather+ past tense. ( eg: I'd rather Tim did the shopping today).
+ Would rather+ past perfect. (Eg: I'd rather Kate had spent much
money yesterday)
 Study the ways in which we can express
preferences:
+ Prefer+ gerund+ to+ gerund.
Eg: I prefer gogging to cycling.
+ Prefer+full infinitive+rather than+ bare infinitive.
Eg: I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
+ Prefer + noun+to+noun.
Eg: she prefers orange juice to apple juice.
+ Would prefer + full infinitive+ rather than+ ( bare
infinitive).
Eg: I'd prefer to pay in cash rather than by credit card.
+ Would rather+ bare infinitive+ than(+bare infinitive).
 6: The Unreal Present and
past:
- The past simple can be used to talk about
imaginary, unreal or improbable situations
which are contrary to facts in the present.
- The past perfect can be used to refer to
imaginary, unreal or improbable situations
which are contrary to facts in the past.
 The past simple is used
with:
+ Type 2 conditionals
Eg: If he knew the truth, he would be
+ suppose/
very angry. supposing
Eg: Suppose/supposing they didn't invite you, what
would you do?
+ If only/ wish
Eg: I wish/ if only I had a lot of money.
+ Would rather ( present)
Eg: I'd rather Lisa went to the market.
 The past simple is used with:
+ As if/ as though
Eg: Jim behaviours as if/ as though he were
the boss.
+ It's ( about/ high) time
Eg: It's ( about/ high) time they did something
about it.
 The past perfect is used
+ Type 3 conditionals with:
Eg: If he had asked me, I would have helped him.
+ suppose/ supposing
Eg: Suppose/supposing you had lost your money, what would
you have done?
+ If only/ wish
Eg: I wish/ if only I hadn't invited them to my party.
+ Would rather ( past)
Eg: I'd rather you hadn't said anything about it.
+ As if/ as though
Eg: He hadn't seen her before, but he acted as if he had
Thank
you