BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

GSU 07204

TOPIC 1: APPLY KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND VALUES OF

COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS CONTEXTS

Facilitator: Emmanuel S. Mtani

Block A, 5th Floor, Room No. 504

The Institute of Finance Management, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

 PART I

Why do we need
Communication in Business?

Is there a business with no communication?

UNDERSTANDING BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
What do you see in this picture?
 The Picture that we have seen depicts the following…

The today-business-context around the globe is suggesting a mutual

integration of the newly adopted technologies and accuracy in
communication in order to enhance understanding among business
partners.

Business is all about people in an interactive way that needs mutual

understanding on whatever they transact.

The business of today is complex and dynamic; thus, it needs people who
possess both hard and soft skills for competitiveness.
 Concepts in Business Communication
What is business communication?

• In its broader context, business communication encompasses

topics such as marketing, brand management, customer
relations, consumer behaviour, advertising, public relations,
corporate communication, community engagement,
reputation management, interpersonal communication,
employee engagement, and event management (Bovee, and
Thill, 2008).
 What is Business Communication?

In specific, it is a kind of communication in business setting;

offices, public and private, industry etc.

This communication is intended to build partnership, intellectual

resources, to promote an idea, a product, or service with the
objective of creating value for the business both internally and
Externally (Sillas, 1988).
 Distinctive features of business communication

 It operates within the complex business environment

 It is always carefully planned, and carried out timely
 It is formal and more concerned to get things done
 It is always clear, courtesy, concise and direct
 It is a two-way communication that benefits both parties
involved.
 It is often a multi-channel as it uses a broad variety of
channels to ensure that the messages reach audience in
different settings within desirable time framework.
 Social Communication
What these people could be doing?
 What is Social Communication

Social communication is that kind of communication that takes

place within the social settings. It usually informal and uses the
language in a style that is distinguishable among social groups,
and it has its codes of what is accepted and what is not
(Sillas, 1988).
 Distinctive features of Social Communication

 It is simple but dynamic in nature as social groups keep on

changing
 It aims at building social relationships
 It is always informal in nature
 It builds up individual’s foundation for communication skills
 It often unhurried, uses slang and expressions understood by
a group of people
 Often it does not strictly follow grammatical rules
 Objectives of Business Communication

Communication is the lifeblood of an organization. It is the

Lubricant that ensure smooth operation of all organizational
Functions.

In this thinking, the ERP GOLD Website highlights the following

objectives of business communication.

https://www.erp.gold/objectives-business-communication
 Objectives of Business Communication

1. To exchange information
2. To develop plans
3. To implement the plans
4. To facilitate policy formulation
5. To achieve organisation goals
6. To organise and coordinate resources
7. To direct the subordinate
8. To motivate employees
9. To create consciousness
 Objectives of Business Communication

10. To increase efficiency

11. To bring dynamism
12. To improve labor-management relationship
13. To increase job satisfaction
14. To convey employees’ reactions
15. To orient employees
 PART II
ORGANISATIONAL COMMUNICATION
Organisational communication is the study of communication
within an organisation. Generally, the nature of communication
can be formal or informal.

Formal communication refers to all the structured inventories

and hierarchical levels through which information flow whereas
the informal communication refers to the unstructured
interactions among employees (Schneider, et al., 1975).

Traditionally, organisational communication flow has been

described basing on the hierarchy levels of authority (routes of
communication).
Four Routes of Communication in an Organisation
 The Vertical Route
The vertical route occurs between hierarchically
positioned persons and can involve both downward
and upward communication flows. Downward
communication is more prevalent than upward
communication.

Larkin and Larkin (1994) suggest that downward

communication is most effective if top managers
communicate directly with immediate supervisors and
immediate supervisors communicate with their staff.
 Advantages of the Vertical Route of Communication
 It manifests line of authority in an organisation.
 It is useful in communicating policies and
procedures.
 It is useful in communicating directives and
instructions.
 It ensures that a message is channeled to intended
persons.
 It cuts out the waste of time and resources.
 It ensures accuracy of information.
 It enhances greater trust of employees to their
immediate supervisors.
 Disadvantages of the Vertical Route of
Communication

 Information is always filtered as it moves downward

or upward.
 Delayed feedback if the line of commands are too
many and complex in nature.
 May lead to inefficiency if it is not properly handled.
 It limits the informal interactions which are critical in
strengthening up relationships.
 Types of Downward Messages
The nature of messages to be communicated
downwards include but not limited to;

 Oral and written instructions (prescriptions and

proscriptions)
 Policy manuals
 Memoranda, reports, notices
 In-house magazines or newsletters
 Appraisal interviews
 Disciplinary interviews
 Types of Upward Messages
The nature of messages to be communicated
upward include but not limited to;

 Oral and written reports of various kinds

 Memoranda
 Proposals
 Spoken and written suggestions for decisions to
management
 Grievances procedures
 Polls and ballots
 The Lateral/Horizontal Route
What nature of relationship is portrayed in this picture?
 The Lateral/Horizontal Route

This occurs between people of the same status in an

organisation-departmental heads, supervisors, directors and
others whose work is similar but takes place within different
sections of the organisation (Sillars, 1988).
 Advantages of the Lateral/Horizontal Route

 It converges individuals of separate departments or sections

to discuss new development.
 It increases frankness or openness among employees.
 It is less affected or inhibited by the chain-of-command.
 It reduces tension of hierarchy among members of an
organisation.
 It enhances informal communication among staff.
 Disadvantages of the Lateral/Horizontal Route

 It may be affected by attitudes of rivalry of jealousy.

 Feedback may be delayed due to ‘no one is accountable to
anyone syndrome’.
 Individual responsibilities may be diluted because of the
informal relationships.
 Types of Lateral/Horizontal Messages

The nature of messages to be communicated horizontally

include
but not limited to;

 Request for assistance in specific tasks

 Consultations
 Advice seeking
 Project design and implementation
 Diagonal Route

Like the horizontal route, diagonal communication flow does not

observe line of authority, but rather it relies heavily on
reservoirs
of cooperation and good-will of employees of different
departments or sections or of different status within an
Organisation (Evans, 1986).

This route of communication is more or less like the lateral one;

hence, it shares the advantages and disadvantages of the lateral
route of communication.
 PART III
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

“The most important thing in communication is hearing what

isn't said.” (Drucker, 2005)
 WHAT IS NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION?

Nonverbal Communication is not a word-based communication. However, it

does not take place separately and independently from verbal
communication; in some occasion, it may be used alone or as the
supplement of verbal communication.

TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Visual communication Body language Gestures

Posture Physical appearance

“The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't said.”
(Drucker, 2005)
 VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Visual Communication is one kind of non verbal communication where some

visual means or methods or techniques are used to make the communication
vivid, natural and more effective.

The use of graph charts, paintings, pictures, maps, color, scenery etc. to
present something in written is a technique known as visual communication.

In most of the cases, visual communication takes place as a complement to

easy the understanding of abstract concepts.
 BODY LANGUAGE (KINESICS)

Body language or kinesics refers to the movements of different parts of

the body that indicate some specific messages. The physical movements of
body are a unique mode of non verbal communication. These movements
can
take place consciously or unconsciously.
 GESTURES

A gesture is a conscious and deliberate body movement intended to convey

specific message.

Different attitudes and intentions are expressed in gestures. For example;

-When you are introduced to people who are older or of higher-rank,

you will show respect by standing.

-Hand shaking gesture may indicate partnership, or agreement.

-A thumps-up gesture may show that things are under control.

 POSTURE

Posture means the position in which you hold your body when standing or
sitting. It is an important body language that has specific meaning. The
manner in which one sits, walks or stands may communicate specific
messages.
 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Physical or personal appearance is one of the most important non-verbal

communication that plays a vital role in communicating messages to others.

Physical appearance includes clothing, ornaments, cosmetics, hairstyle etc.

that a person puts together before appearing in public.

The totality of physical appearance provides visual signals to a person’s

interest, age, personality, style, sex, attitude, social standing, and religious
affiliation and so on.
OTHER NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS CONTEXTS
There are a number of non-verbal communication in business situations.
Here
are some of them;
• Facial expression
• Touch
• Distance (proxemics or proteomics)
• Time (Chronemics)
• Symbols
• Communication through Actions
• Audio communication
• Paralanguage
• Calling and ring bells
• Audio-visual communication
• Silent communication
• Siren
Visit: http://bizcommunicationcoach.com/different-types-of-nonverbal-communication-in-business/
 IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS
SETTINGS

• Helps to reinforce what people say

• Helps to complement the verbal messages
• Helps to win a sale
• Helps to clarify information
• Helps to easy understanding
• Helps to paint good image about a business
• Helps to emphasize what is said
• Helps illiterate people to understand messages accompanied with
symbols or pictures
 PART IV
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication is the use of words in either two media; spoken or
written.
Verbal Communication

Written medium Spoken medium

-letters -planned informal talk
-memo -unplanned exchange
-informal note -interview
-press release -telephone call
-forms -group meeting
-notice -committee meeting
-reports -formal presentation
-electronic means
-newsletters, committee documents etc.
 WRITTEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Written communication in business is always structured. It observes

conventions as per acceptable standards across a number of business
contexts.

These conventions are the ones which qualify business communication to be

formal.

Thus, to communicate in business situations using the written medium, one

needs to learn the rules (conventions).
 FEATURES OF WRITTEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
The general features of written business communication include but not
limited to the following;

• It promotes uniformity (convergence) for procedures which build up

guidelines for both internal and external correspondences.
• It provides us records and references on which important decisions can be
easily referred to.
• It builds up legal defenses of the organisation through records, letters,
instructions etc.
• It builds up a firm image of an organisation.
• It makes for accuracy and dependability (reliable).
 LIMITATIONS OF WRITTEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
Below are some of limitations of written medium in business communication.

• It is time consuming; immediate feedback is not possible.

• It is costly in terms of money and man-hours.
• It becomes inefficient when it is in the hand of people with poor
expression in writing.
• It builds up unmanageable clusters of papers and files which cost a lot to
an organisation.
• Absence of immediate clarifications.
 SPOKEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

The spoken medium is probably the predominant form of communication

in business.

Most of the time, individuals in an organisation will find themselves having to

communicate in unplanned situations such as
- the boss or colleague calls for a “quick update”,
- a prospective customer calls out to ask about their latest requirement,
- a client calls unexpectedly to complain

People find easier to communicate orally than in written form. It is therefore

important to acquire spoken skills of varied business situations because in
some cases one may be dealing with people of other nationality, people with
different cultures, varying ages and with different levels of experience.
FEATURES OF SPOKEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

The general features of spoken medium in business communication include

But not limited to the following;

• It provides immediate feedback to participants

• It saves time if it is properly handled
• It builds up healthy climate as it brings superiors and subordinates nearer
• It is less costly as it tends not to use stationery
• It provides an opportunity to make clarifications immediately
• It exposes both speakers and listeners with a wider understanding of
feedback (direct, indirect, moderate)
 LIMITATIONS OF SPOKEN MEDIUM IN BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION

Below are some of limitations of spoken medium in business communication;

• It has no permanence; both participants cannot retain the verbal

memories for a long time.
• In the absence of record, it has no legal validity
• It may lead to personality crashes
• It is time consuming if it is not properly transacted
• It cannot handle bulky messages
• It cannot communicate the image of an organisation effectively
 PART V
EFFECTIVE BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
 What is Effective Communication?

“Effective communication means the ability to express

ourselves well, both verbally and non-verbally, in ways which
are proper to our cultures and situations in such a way that we
mutually make others understand our messages and respond
accordingly”.
 Effective Business Communication
Business communication becomes effective only when the
message exchanged is;
-clear (understandable)
-concise (short and snappy)
-complete (comprehensive)
-courteous (well-mannered)
-concrete ( firmness)
-coherent (logical)
-relevant ( appropriate) and
- the predetermined purpose is achieved promptly.

.
 Benefits of Effective Business Communication
Effective business communication has the following benefits;

-It boosts professional image

-It outputs quality documents
-It lessens misunderstanding
-It increases awareness among employees
-It increases productivity
-It improves customer relations
-It builds up healthier business relationships
-It enhances quicker problem solving
-It leads to stronger decision making
 Effective Business Communication Climate
Organisations should develop a friendly working climates that is conducive
to;
- openness,
- trusting,
- participative,
- commitment and
- caring relationships between people

This is an environment that welcomes new ideas and encourages constructive

Feedback.
Therefore, to maintain this environment…
One of the functions of an organisation is to keep the communication barriers
at minimum.
 Barriers to Effective Business Communication

Anything that distorts the communication process is termed as

barrier.

In business context, barriers to effective communication can be

categorised in the following ways;
-Sender/Receiver barriers
1. Internal barriers -Message barriers
-Organisational barriers
2. External barriers
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Sender/Receiver Barriers
1. Inadequate communication skills:
A major communication barrier in today business world is
created when the sender/receiver works with incorrect or zero
communication skills. Necessary communication skills are
mandatory for effective communication. Incorrect message, or
wrong medium of communication, can negatively affect
communication.
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Sender/Receiver Barriers
2. Perceptual bias:
Due to ‘selective/favourable hearing’, the receiver interprets a
message that suits him/her. It is a perceptual bias that prevents
an objective judgement and fails effective communication.
3. Stereotyping:
It is an attitude that completely disrupts any mode of
communication. Stereotyping an individual because of the
cast/group/sect/country they belong to causes great offence and
serious damage to relationships, both personally and
professionally. Such assumptions are the result of close-
mindedness and leave no scope for free thought.
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Sender/Receiver Barriers
4. Prejudice:
This is the worst form of psychological noise wherein a person
holds a very hostile attitude towards another who is different in
any form. The difference may be in race, culture, tribe, gender,
religion, sexuality, nation. Such strong hostility disrupts
communication and forms a major barrier to free
communication.
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Sender/Receiver Barriers
5. Unclarified assumptions:
Preconceived notions or preconceptions hamper
communication. This happens when both sender and receiver
communicating believe in something without checking facts.

6. Fear
The sender may feel anxiety or fear to appear before an
audience and deliver his/her message. It should be remembered
that the enemy number one preventing someone from achieving
effective communication is fear.
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Message barriers
The words, signs, and figures explained by the receiver in
the light of his experience may create doubtful situations. This
may happen because;
-the message is badly expressed
-of the use of words and symbols with different meaning
-of faulty translation
-of technical Jargon
-of inappropriate body language and gestures
Note: Message is complex element that encompasses;
(Content, code, treatment and structure)
Internal Barriers to Effective Business Communication
Organisational barriers
1. Rigid adherence to organisational charts.
An organisational chart provides a framework, a format, a
context in which people can effectively use resources
to accomplish their goals. The problem is that organizational
charts imply that communication should only flow vertically. The
fact is communication must flow across the organisation and
functional units as well.

Other organisational barriers may be caused by policies, rules

and regulations, status, organisational politics and facilities.
External Barriers to Effective Business Communication
The external barriers are normally beyond the control of an
organisation. These barriers may be caused by various
factors.
-Unfriendly political environment
-Ufavourable Policies and Regulations
-Distortion of image due to business rivalry
-Physical distance
 PART VI
HANDLING BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCES
What is business correspondence?

Business correspondence means the exchange of information in a written

format for the purpose of business activities.

Business correspondence can take place between organizations, within

organizations or between customers and organization.

Etymologically, the word correspondence is of Latin origin; it captures

concepts like ‘congruence’ ‘resemblance’ ‘harmony’ and ‘agreement’.
 TYPES OF BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCES

• Internal Correspondence
• External Correspondence
• Sales Correspondence
• Personalized Correspondence
• Circulars
 INTERNAL CORRESPONDENCE
Internal correspondence is a written communication between employees,
units, departments, and branches of the same organization; the written
communication can be formal or less formal.
Less formal internal correspondence is like quick instructions between a
supervisor and a staff, and these are normally in the form of email.

Formal types of internal correspondence which include;

• promotion letter,
• written reprimand,
• notice to explain,
• memorandum,
• formal requests for approval, and
• letter of approval or dismissal
These types of communication are ideally printed on paper, signed by the
sender, and physically received by the recipient.
 EXTERNAL CORRESPONDENCE

External correspondence is a form of written communication made by a

company to those who do not belong to their organization.

It is commonly made to vendors, creditors, suppliers, existing customers,

prospective clients, financial institutions, government offices, law and
accounting firms, business affiliates, sponsors or donors, and other offices
that have either direct or indirect business relationship with the company.
 SALES CORRESPONDENCE

Sales correspondence refers to sales-related communications such as;

• marketing letters,
• offer and discount letters,
• sales proposals,
• invoices,
• statement of accounts,
• sales reports,
• order confirmation,
• purchase orders,
• letters of authorization, and
• collection letters, and such.
It is important to know how to write quality sales letter to be able to
communicate effectively. The letters should reflect truthful and non-
misleading information.
 PERSONALIZED CORRESPONDENCE

Personalized correspondence involves written communication with a sense of

personal touch. It includes;

• letters of gratitude,
• letters of favours or requests,
• appreciation notes,
• letters of congratulations or commendation

This particular type of correspondence doesn’t need to have a very formal

tone. It can be done via email, or writing an actual physical letter which is
more preferable because it has a sense of personal touch.
 CIRCULARS

A Circular is a kind of written announcement that is distributed to a

large number of people to convey any commercial or non-commercial
message at minimum time, costs and efforts.

It is also referred to as office instructions or announcements. Generally,

Announcements such as;
• changes in contact information,
• details about
• meetings with shareholders,
• instructions about certain protocols, etc are communicated via circulars.
 PART VII
BUSINESS LETTERS
A Business letter is piece of information written purposely to convey
Information to someone on a specific topic; written by an individual to an
organization or an organization to another organization.

Business letters have the following functions;

• To request information
• To send information
• To correct & apologise for an error
• To decline a request
• To explain a procedure/ present a problem
• To sell a product or service
• To establish legal value
• To provide a permanent record
 TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTERS
Business letters are of various types depending on their purposes.
• Application letters
• Acknowledgement letters
• Adjustment letters
• Appreciation letters
• Apology letters
• Complaint letters
• Sells letters
• Cover letters
• Follow –up letters
• Inquiry letter
• Introduction letters
• Recommendation letters
• Reference letters
• Order letters
• Resignation letters
 THE 7 C’s OF BUSINESS LETTER
For any business letter to be effective, it should be characterized by the
following seven C’s.

• Conciseness (directly states the purpose of the sender in as few words as

possible)
• Cordiality (the tone should be warm and friendly)
• Convincing (the sense of sincerity of the sender to the receiver)
• Clarity (the language should be simple with familiar words to the receiver)
• Completeness (necessary details to achieve the purpose)
• Correctness ( free of erasures, or mistakes, or errors)
• Coherent (connectivity of ideas into a focused purpose)
 LAYOUTS OF BUSINESS LETTERS

Business letters can be either in any of the following three

format/layouts/styles.
 Indented Format

Don Plastic Company,

P.O.Box 3445,
Arusha,

20TH January, 2018.

The Manager,
BBCO Processing Company,
P.O.BOX 9087,
Dar Es Salaam.

Dear Sir,
REPLACEMENT OF 25 BAGS OF CEMENT

I regret to inform you that out of 500 bags of cement you supplied, 25 have arrived in damaged condition. They cannot be
used
at all in construction work. It appears the damage was caused due to inadequate protection against rains. Our storekeeper
Pointed this out to the truck driver immediately after unloading, and he has given us a signed note, accepting this position. I am
enclosing this note for your information.
I shall be grateful if you will kindly make adjustments in the bill. If, however, you are making supplies to someone else in this
city in the near future, you may send us the replacement.

Yours faithfully,
Peter Kissendi
Purchasing Officer
 Fully-blocked Format
Don Plastic Company
P.O.Box 3445
Arusha

20TH January, 2018

The Manager
BBCO Processing Company
P.O.BOX 9087
Dar Es Salaam

Dear Sir,
REPLACEMENT OF 25 BAGS OF CEMENT
I regret to inform you that out of 500 bags of cement you supplied, 25 have arrived in damaged condition. They cannot be used
at all in construction work. It appears the damage was caused due to inadequate protection against rains. Our storekeeper
pointed this out to the truck driver immediately after unloading and he has given us a signed note, accepting this position. I am
enclosing this note for your information.

I shall be grateful if you will kindly make adjustments in the bill. If, however, you are making supplies to someone else in this
city in the near future, you may send us the replacement.

Yours faithfully
Peter Kissendi
Purchasing Officer
 Semi-blocked/Modified Format
Don Plastic Company,
P.O.Box 3445,
Arusha,

20TH January, 2018.

The Manager,
BBCO Processing Company,
P.O.BOX 9087,
Dar Es Salaam.

Dear Sir,
REPLACEMENT OF 25 BAGS OF CEMENT
I regret to inform you that out of 500 bags of cement you supplied, 25 have arrived in damaged condition. They cannot be used
at all in construction work. It appears the damage was caused due to inadequate protection against rains. Our storekeeper
pointed this out to the truck driver immediately after unloading and he has given us a signed note, accepting this position. I am
Enclosing this note for your information.

I shall be grateful if you will kindly make adjustments in the bill. If, however, you are making supplies to someone else in this
city in the near future, you may send us the replacement.

Yours faithfully,
Peter Kissendi
Purchasing Officer
 Differences between Indented and Fully-blocked letters

Indented letter Fully-blocked letter

• Sender’s address appears at the top right- • Everything begins at the left-hand margin .
hand corner, with each successive line
indented. • The complementary close is typed
beneath the body of the letter at the left-
• The receiver’s address appears at the left- hand margin.
hand side, with no indentation to each
successive line. • No calculation is done on indentation.

• First sentence of each paragraph begins • It uses open punctuation marks on sender
about 1.5 cm from the left-hand margin.
and receiver’s addresses, salutation and
complementary close except in the body
• The complementary close is typed of the letter.
beneath the body of the letter at the
right-hand side.

• It uses closed punctuation marks.

 Common Components of Business Letters

• Heading: contains writer’s address, • Name of the writer: should appear

contacts, only once beneath the letter body.
• Date: Duration in which the letter is • Signature: shows the authenticity of
written the writer.
• Inside address: shows the address of • Enclosures: shows items
the recipient of the letter; use accompanying a letter.
appropriate titles and write names • Carbonated Copies: indicates that a
correctly. copy is circulated to other individuals
• Salutation: opens a conversation for awareness about the
with a greeting. correspondence
• Subject of reference line: announces
the main theme of the letter.
• Body of the letter: contains the
message of the letter.
• Complimentary close: gives a
“thanks”. It is a courteous ending of
a conversation. It should corresponds
with the salutation.
 MEMORANDUM

A memorandum (plural memoranda) is a short piece of writing generally used

by officers of an organization for communicating among themselves.

The main purposes of memorandum (memo in short) is to;

- record,
- convey information or decisions
- make short requests
- warn
- report
- instruct
- command
 COMPONENTS OF A MEMORANDUM

A memo must have the following essential information (components);

i. Designation of the receiver
These two must consider order of authority
i. Designation of the sender
ii. Reference
iii. Date
iv. Subject
v. Signature/name

However, individual organizations will have in-house format. But the above
Information will always be present.
 MEMO LAYOUT

JPM AUDITING CO. LTD

Memorandum

From: Chief Accountant Ref: IA/09/T56

To: Head of Accounts Date: 05th January, 2018

Preparing Financial Report

As you may be aware that our Company closes its annual activities on 1 st March,
2018, I would like to remind your Office on the preparation of Financial Report for the
last year. I will appreciate to have received it before 28 th February, 2018.

R.T. Timbwe
 MEMO LAYOUT cont.

JPM AUDITING CO. LTD

Memorandum

To: Chief Accountant Ref: IA/09/T56

From: Head of Accounts Date: 24th February, 2018

RE: Preparing Financial Report

I would like to inform your Office that the Financial Report for the period ending on
1st March, 2018 is ready for submission.
With this information note, I attach the document for your perusal.
Encl:
-Financial Report 2018

M. Majura
 CURRICULUM VITAE VS. RÉSUMÉ

A CV is an outline of a person’s information, educational, professional and

work history usually prepared for job applications; it conveys personal details
in the possible light.

WHEREAS

A Résumé is a written summary of your educational and employment

background showing your qualifications for a job
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CV AND RÉSUMÉ

CV RÉSUMÉ
• More detailed (up to two or • Brief (summary of your
more pages) skills and experience in one
page)
• Not frequently updated and
any changes will be in the • Tailored/targeted to each
cover letter position of application

• Has a clear chronological

order listing the whole • Information can be shuffled
career of the individual around to best suit the
applicant
 DEVELOPING A CAREER STATEMENT IN A CV OR RÉSUMÉ

What is career statement?

It is a statement that creates a career vision for inspiring and motivating a

person. The purpose of having a career statement is to give a professional a
clear vision for the future.

A Career statement may consist of two parts.

1. Career Goals and Objectives 2. Previous Career Achievements

 Guidance for Developing Career Statements

When a career statement is developed , one needs to be realistic about

his/her career objectives in general. The following questions may be used as
guidance.

 Who are you and what do you want to achieve in life?

 Why are you interested in this career?
 What are your values?
 Why does this career fit you?
 What do you expect to achieve from this career in the long run?
 Can you describe your achievements, experience and qualifications for this
career?
 What do you intend to do in the future?