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Moments
(1) The document discusses moments, which are turning forces that cause an object to rotate rather than push it linearly. Moments depend on the magnitude of the applied force and its distance from the pivot point. (2) To calculate the moment of a single force, the formula is Moment = Force x Perpendicular Distance from the pivot. When multiple forces are present, their individual moments are summed. (3) Systems in equilibrium have their clockwise and counter-clockwise moments equal, allowing one to solve for unknown values like reactions at supports. Diagrams are drawn and moments taken to set up and solve equations of equilibrium.
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Moments
- 2. Introduction • This chapteryou will learn about moments • Moments can be described as turning forces – rather than pushing an object along, they turn it round • You will learn how to calculate the moment of a force on a pivot point • You will learn how to calculate moments in rods that are in equilibrium
- 4. Moments You can findthe moment of a force acting on a body 5N 4N Up until this point you have learnt about forces pushing or pulling a particle in a particular direction 7gN 6N Balancing Act Applet The particle does not turn round, it just moves in a direction, based on the sum of the forces For moments, we replace the particle with a straight rod (often called a lamina) Imagine the rod had a fixed ‘pivot point’ 6N 6N A force acting on the rod at the centre, beneath the pivot point, will not cause it to move If the force is moved to the side however, the rod will rotate around the pivot point A greater force will cause the turning speed to be faster If the force is further from the pivot point, the turning speed will be faster as well… 6N 6N 5A
- 5. Balancing Act Applet Moments 3m You canfind the moment of a force acting on a body C The turning motion caused by a force is dependant on: The magnitude of the force A bigger force causes more turn The distance the force is from the pivot point A bigger distance causes more turn (For example, the further you push a door from the hinge, the less effort is required to close it.) To calculate the total moment about a point: Moment about a point = Force x Perpendicular distance 5N 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐶 = 5𝑁 × 3𝑚 = 15𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Moments are measured in Newton-metres You must always include the direction of the moment (either clockwise or anticlockwise) The distance must always be perpendicular from the pivot to the force itself… 5A
- 6. Balancing Act Applet Moments You canfind the moment of a force acting on a body 4N F 2m The turning motion caused by a force is dependant on: The magnitude of the force A bigger force causes more turn The distance the force is from the pivot point A bigger distance causes more turn (For example, the further you push a door from the hinge, the less effort is required to close it.) Calculate the moment of the force about point F 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐹 = 4𝑁 × 2𝑚 = 8𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 To calculate the total moment about a point: Moment about a point = Force x Perpendicular distance 5A
- 7. Balancing Act Applet Moments You canfind the moment of a force acting on a body The turning motion caused by a force is dependant on: The magnitude of the force A bigger force causes more turn The distance the force is from the pivot point A bigger distance causes more turn (For example, the further you push a door from the hinge, the less effort is required to close it.) A 4Sin30 4m 30° 9N Calculate the moment of the force about point A Draw a triangle to find the perpendicular distance! 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = 9𝑁 × 4𝑆𝑖𝑛30𝑚 = 18𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 To calculate the total moment about a point: Moment about a point = Force x Perpendicular distance 5A
- 9. Balancing Act Applet Moments (1) You canfind the sum of the moment of a set of forces acting on a body (3) 5N 3N 2m Adding the forces together will then give the overall magnitude and direction of movement If we had chosen anticlockwise as the positive direction our answer would have been -8Nm anticlockwise This is just 8Nm clockwise (the same!) 1m P Sometimes you will have a number of moments acting around a single point. You need to calculate each one individually and then choose a positive direction 1m 4N (2) Calculate the sum of the moments acting about the point P Start by calculating each moment individually (it might be useful to label them!) (1) 5𝑁 × 3𝑚 = 15𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 4𝑁 × 1𝑚 = 4𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (3) 3𝑁 × 1𝑚 = 3𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Choosing clockwise as the positive direction… 15𝑁𝑚 − 4𝑁𝑚 − 3𝑁𝑚 = 8𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 5B
- 10. Balancing Act Applet Moments (1) 5N You canfind the sum of the moment of a set of forces acting on a body 2m Sometimes you will have a number of moments acting around a single point. You need to calculate each one individually and then choose a positive direction Adding the forces together will then give the overall magnitude and direction of movement 4m P (2) 5N Calculate the sum of the moments acting about the point P Start by calculating each moment individually (it might be useful to label them!) (1) 5𝑁 × 2𝑚 = 10𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 5𝑁 × 4𝑚 = 20𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Choosing anticlockwise as the positive direction… 20𝑁𝑚 − 10𝑁𝑚 = 10𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 5B
- 12. Balancing Act Applet Moments 4m You cansolve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments When a rigid body is in equilibrium, the resultant force in any direction is 0 The moments about any point on the object will also sum to 0 4m Y 10N 10N (1) (2) Calculate the sum of the moments acting about the point Y Calculate each moment separately (1) 10𝑁 × 4𝑚 = 40𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 10𝑁 × 4𝑚 = 40𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 As the moments are equal in both directions, the rod will not turn and hence, is in equilibrium! As the rod is fixed at Y is will not be lifted up by the forces either! 5C
- 13. Balancing Act Applet Moments 2m You cansolve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments When a rigid body is in equilibrium, the resultant force in any direction is 0 The moments about any point on the object will also sum to 0 6m Z 3N (1) 1N (2) Calculate the sum of the moments acting about the point Z Calculate each moment separately (1) 3𝑁 × 2𝑚 = 6𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 1𝑁 × 6𝑚 = 6𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 As the moments are equal in both directions, the rod will not turn and hence, is in equilibrium! 5C
- 14. Balancing Act Applet Moments You cansolve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments (1) RA A The diagram to the right shows a uniform rod of length 3m and weight 20N resting horizontally on supports at A and C, where AC = 2m. Calculate the magnitude of the normal reaction at both of the supports This makes sense – as RC is closer to the centre of mass is bearing more of the object’s weight! 2m 1m 1.5m 0.5m (2) When a rigid body is in equilibrium, the resultant force in any direction is 0 The moments about any point on the object will also sum to 0 RC C B “Uniform rod” = weight is in the centre 20N As the rod is in equilibrium, the total normal reaction (spread across both supports) is equal to 20N (the total downward force) 𝑅 𝐴 + 𝑅 𝐶 = 20 Take moments about C (you do not need to include RC as its distance is 0) (1) 2 × 𝑅 𝐴 = 2𝑅 𝐴 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 0.5 × 20 = 10𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 The clockwise and anticlockwise moments must be equal for equilibrium 2𝑅 𝐴 = 10 𝑅 𝐴 = 5𝑁 𝑅 𝐶 = 15𝑁 Divide by 2 Use the original equation to calculate RC 5C
- 15. Balancing Act Applet Moments RC 40g You cansolve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments A uniform beam, AB, of mass 40kg and length 5m, rests horizontally on supports at C and D where AC = DB = 1m. When a man of mass 80kg stands on the beam at E, the magnitude of the reaction at D is double the reaction at C. By modelling the beam as a rod and the man as a particle, find the distance AE. A 1m 2RD 80g RC 1.5m 1.5m E C “Uniform beam” = weight is in the centre 40g 80g 1m D B As the reaction at D is bigger, the man must be closer to D than C The normal reactions must equal the total downward force 3𝑅 𝐶 = 120𝑔 𝑅 𝐶 = 40𝑔 𝑅 𝐷 = 80𝑔 Divide by 3 RD is double this 5C
- 16. Balancing Act Applet Moments (1) You cansolve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments A uniform beam, AB, of mass 40kg and length 5m, rests horizontally on supports at C and D where AC = DB = 1m. When a man of mass 80kg stands on the beam at E, the magnitude of the reaction at D is double the reaction at C. By modelling the beam as a rod and the man as a particle, find the distance AE. A 1m C (4) 80g 40g 1.5m x 1.5m E 1m D B (2) 40g 80g (3) Let us call the required distance x (from A to E) Take moments about A (we could do this around any point, but this will make the algebra easier) (1) 1 × 40𝑔 = 40𝑔 𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 2.5 × 40𝑔 = 100𝑔 𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (3) 𝑥 × 80𝑔 = 80𝑥𝑔 𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (4) 4 × 80𝑔 = 320𝑔 𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 So the man should stand 3.25m from A! Equilibrium so anticlockwise = clockwise 40𝑔 + 320𝑔 = 100𝑔 + 80𝑥𝑔 Group terms 360𝑔 = 100𝑔 + 80𝑥𝑔 Cancel g’s 360 = 100 + 80𝑥 Calculate 3.25 = 𝑥 5C
- 17. Balancing Act Applet Moments 0 (1) RC Youcan solve problems about bodies resting in equilibrium by equating the clockwise and anticlockwise moments A uniform rod of length 4m and mass 12kg is resting in a horizontal position on supports at C and D, with AC = DB = 0.5m When a particle of mass mkg is placed on the rod at point B, the rod is on the point of turning about D. Find the value of m. If the rod is on the point of turning around D, then there will be no reaction at C RC = 0 (the rod is effectively hovering above support C, about to move upwards as it rotates round D) A 0.5m RD 1.5m 1.5m 0.5m C D (2) 12g mg B (3) Taking moments about D (1) 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑅 𝐶 = 0 (2) 1.5 × 12𝑔 = 18𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (3) 0.5 × 𝑚𝑔 = 0.5𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Although it is on the point of turning, the rod is still in equilibrium Anticlockwise = clockwise The mass is 36kg 18𝑔 = 0.5𝑚𝑔 18 = 0.5𝑚 36 = 𝑚 Cancel g’s Multiply by 2 More than this and the rod will turn about D Less than this and some of the normal reaction will be at C 5C
- 19. Moments RM You can solveproblems about non-uniform bodies by finding or using the centre of mass The mass of a non-uniform body can be modelled as acting at its centre of mass This means the weight of the rod may not necessarily be in the centre as it has been so far Sam and Tamsin are sitting on a non-uniform plank AB of mass 25kg and length 4m. The plank is pivoted at M, the midpoint of AB, and the centre of mass is at C where AC = 1.8m. Tamsin has mass 25kg and sits at A. Sam has mass 35kg. How far should Sam sit from A to balance the plank? 1.8m A (1) 0.2m C x (2) 25g 25g B M 35g (3) Let Sam sit ‘x’ m from the midpoint Take moments about M (this way we don’t need to know RM) (1) 2 × 25𝑔 = 50𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 0.2 × 25𝑔 = 5𝑔 (3) 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑥 × 35𝑔 = 35𝑔𝑥 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 The rod is in equilibrium so anticlockwise = clockwise 50𝑔 + 5𝑔 = 35𝑔𝑥 55𝑔 = 35𝑔𝑥 55 = 35𝑥 1.57 = 𝑥 Group terms Cancel g’s Divide by 35 Sam should sit 3.57m from A (or 0.43m from B) Make sure you always read where the distance should be measured from! 5D
- 20. Moments You can solveproblems about nonuniform bodies by finding or using the centre of mass A rod AB is 3m long and has weight 20N. It is in a horizontal position resting on supports at points C and D, where AC = 1m and AD = 2.5m. The magnitude of the reaction at C is three times the magnitude of the reaction at D. Find the distance of the centre of mass of the rod from A. RC = 3RD 15N 3RC RD A RD 5N 1m 1.5m C D 0.5m B 20N Estimate where the centre of mass is on your diagram We can replace RC with 3RD Now find the normal reactions 4𝑅 𝐷 = 20 𝑅𝐷 =5 Divide by 4 𝑅 𝐶 = 15 5D
- 21. Moments A rod ABis 3m long and has weight 20N. It is in a horizontal position resting on supports at points C and D, where AC = 1m and AD = 2.5m. The magnitude of the reaction at C is three times the magnitude of the reaction at D. Find the distance of the centre of mass of the rod from A. A 1m (3) 15N You can solve problems about nonuniform bodies by finding or using the centre of mass (1) 5N 1.5m x C D 20N 0.5m B (2) Now take moments about A, calling the required distance ‘x’ (You’ll find it is usually easiest to do this from the end of the rod!) (1) 1 × 15 = 15 𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (2) 𝑥 × 20 = 20𝑥 𝑁𝑚 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 (3) 2.5 × 5 = 12.5 𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Equilibrium so anticlockwise = clockwise 15 + 12.5 = 20𝑥 27.5 = 20𝑥 1.38 = 𝑥 Group terms Calculate The centre of mass is 1.38m from A 5D
- 22. Summary • We havelearnt that moments are turning forces • We have learnt how to solve problems involving several moments • We have seen how to solve problems involving rods being in equilibrium • We have also seen how to find the centre of mass if a rod is non-uniform