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Electron configuration.ppt
Electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals and energy levels. There are three main principles that determine electron configuration: 1) Electrons have higher energy further from the nucleus and in higher principal quantum shells, 2) Orbitals within a shell have set ordering of energies (s < p < d < f), and 3) Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons of opposite spin. The Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule further define how electrons fill the orbitals in atoms.
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Introduction to electron configuration and the periodic table.
Describes how electrons are distributed in atoms, covering energy increases with distance from nucleus and maximum capacity of orbitals.
Three principles: Pauli’s Exclusion, Aufbau, and Hund’s Rule guide the arrangement of electrons in orbitals to minimize repulsion.
Overview of constructing polyelectronic atoms, valence electrons, and similarities in chemical properties.
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Electron configuration.ppt
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- 3. How are electrons distributedin the atom? A designation of the most probable distribution is called electron configuration. It refers to the distribution of electrons in the different sublevels or orbitals as well as in the main energy levels. There are 3 principles that you have to consider.
- 4. 1. As theelectrons get farther from the nucleus, their energy becomes greater. 2. The same principle holds true for the sub-levels or orbitals. Therefore, s<p<d<f. 3. The maximum number of electrons per orientation is 2. Therefore, only 2 electrons can occupy the s orbital, 6 electrons for p orbitals, 10 electrons for d orbitals, and 14 electrons for f orbital.
- 5. consider three other principles thatwill help us distribute the electrons properly:1.Pauli’s Exclusion Principle 2.Aufbau Principle 3.Hund’s Rule
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- 7. 1. States thatno two electrons in an atom should have the same four quantum numbers. 2. Electrons will go into available orbitals singly before beginning to pair up. 3. Two electrons can only be in the same orbital if they have opposite spins.
- 8. Aufbau Principle When placingelectrons into the orbitals of polyelectronic atoms, we use the Aufbau Principle.
- 9. AUFBAU (German: BUILDUP) • Electrons will successively occupy the available orbitals in order of increasing energy. • States that an electron tends to occupy the level with a lower energy first. • This principle states that in addition to adding protons and neutrons to the nucleus, one simply adds electrons to the hydrogen-like atomic orbitals.
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- 12. • States thatthe most stable arrangement of electrons is that which allows the maximum number of unpaired electrons. • Applies to electrons that need to occupy the same sub-level. • This arrangement minimizes electron- electron repulsions. • Electrons occupy an orbital having equal energy one by one first before pairing up.
- 13. Summary • Electrons gointo hydrogen-like orbitals to construct polyelectronic atoms. • Elements in the same column have the same number of valence electrons. • Elements in the same column will have similar chemical properties. • Remember the “trick” for the order of the energies of the orbitals.