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Unit 2 The Chemistry Of Life
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life and come in three main structures: straight chains, branched chains, and rings. The four main types of carbon-based molecules in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches. Lipids include fats, oils, and cholesterol and have many functions like energy storage. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and have different shapes that influence their functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotides and perform roles like storing genetic information.
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Unit 2 The Chemistry Of Life
- 1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based moleculesare the foundation of life.
- 2. Carbon atoms haveunique bonding properties.Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
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- 4.
- 5. ringMany carbon-based moleculesare made of many small subunits bonded together.Monomers are the individual subunits.
- 6. Polymers are madeof many monomers.Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- 7. Four main typesof carbon-based molecules are found in living things.Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
- 8. Monosaccharides are simplesugars.
- 9. Polysaccharides include starches,cellulose, and glycogen.Polymer (starch)Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.Polymer (cellulose)Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structuremonomerCarbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.TriglycerideLipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
- 10. Many contain carbonchains called fatty acids.
- 11. Fats and oilscontain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.Lipids have several different functions.broken down as a source of energy
- 12. make up cellmembranes
- 13. used tomake hormonesFats and oils have different types of fatty acids. saturated fatty acids
- 14. unsaturated fatty acidsPhospholipidPhospholipidsmake up all cell membranes.Polar phosphate “head”
- 15. Nonpolar fatty acid“tails”Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
- 16. Twenty different aminoacids are used to build proteins in organisms.Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
- 17. Proteins are polymersof amino acid monomers.
- 18. Twenty different aminoacids are used to build proteins in organisms.
- 19. Amino acids differin side groups, or R groups.Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
- 20. hydrogen bondHemoglobinProteins differin the number and order of amino acids.Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
- 21. Incorrect amino acidschange a protein’s structure and function.Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
- 22. nitrogen-containing molecule,called abaseA phosphate groupdeoxyribose (sugar)Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
- 23. DNARNANucleic acids arepolymers of monomers called nucleotides.
- 24. Nucleotides are madeof a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.DNA stores genetic information.RNA builds proteins.KEY CONCEPT Life depends on chemical reactions.
- 25. Bonds break andform during chemical reactions.Chemical reactions change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds.Reactants are changed during a chemical reaction.Products are made by a chemical reaction.Bond energy is the amount of energy that breaks a bond.Energy is added to break bonds.
- 26. Energy is releasedwhen bonds form.
- 27. A reaction isat equilibrium when reactants and products form at the same rate.CO2 + H2O H2CO3
- 28. Chemical reactions releaseor absorb energy.Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction.
- 29. Exothermic reactions releasemore energy than they absorb.Reactants have higher bond energies than products.
- 30. Excess energy isreleased by the reaction.Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release.Reactants have lower bond energies than products.
- 31. Energy is absorbedby the reaction to make up the difference.KEY CONCEPTEnzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things.
- 32. A catalyst lowersactivation energy.Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions.decrease activation energyincrease reaction rate
- 33. Enzymes allow chemicalreactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.Enzymes are catalysts in living things.Enzymes are needed for almost all processes.Most enzymes are proteins.Disruptions in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning.Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions.
- 34. Changes in temperatureand pH can break hydrogen bonds.
- 35. An enzyme’s functiondepends on its structure.substrates (reactants)enzymeSubstrates bind to anenzyme at certain places called active sites.An enzyme’s structure allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme.substrates
- 36. active siteSubstrates bindto anenzyme at certain places called active sites.The enzyme bringssubstrates together and weakens their bonds.The catalyzed reaction formsa product that is releasedfrom the enzyme.The lock-and-key model helps illustrate how enzymes function.substrates brought together
- 37. bonds in substratesweakened