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Tick and Disease caused by them.

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Raaz Eve Mishra
Raaz Eve Mishra

Ticks are arachnids that are ectoparasites and vectors of disease. There are two main families of ticks - Ixodidae, or hard ticks, which have a dorsal shield and feed for days, and Argasidae, or soft ticks, which lack a dorsal shield and feed intermittently and rapidly. Ticks transmit numerous pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa. Common diseases include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, canine ehrlichiosis, babesiosis. Treatment involves careful tick removal and use of acaricides, while prevention relies on host protection and environmental control.

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Tick Rajeev Kumar Mishra L2015v38M COVs, GADVASU,Ludhiana
Ticks • Class Arachnida – closely related to mites
Ticks • Class Arachnida – closely related to mites • obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites – vectors
Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • sclerotized dorsal shield – “hard ticks” Argasidae • unsclerotized – “soft ticks”
Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • sclerotized dorsal shield – “hard ticks” • sexually dimorphic – females larger – male scutum covers dorsum Argasidae • unsclerotized – “soft ticks” • little sexual dimorphism
Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • primarily off host – “sit-and-wait” • mate on host • require days to complete engorgement • live outdoors Argasidae • live in close proximity to host • mate off host • require mins - hrs to feed and feed repeatedly • live in dwelling/sleeping places of hosts
Tick and Disease caused by them.
Differences in Life Cycle (1) hard ticks soft ticks L.C. O->L->N->A O->L->N1->N2 ->N3->A Habitat Free range spp. Attack host in the day Burrow inhabiting spp. nocternal feeder Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars Adult feeding 1 blood meal Intermittent feeders (5-12 or more)
Differences in Life Cycle (2) hard ticks soft ticks Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts Egg laying Thousands / single batch Less than thousand in several batches Life span 2 months – 3 years Long duration (as long as 16 years)
Argus persicus: fowl tick/blue bug. Otobius mengnini: spinose ear tick. Ornithodoros moubata :eyeless tampan of Africa. Family:- Argasidae
Ixodes ricinus : castor been tick Boophilus microplus : the topical catle tick Boophilus decoloratus : blue tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus : brown dog tick Rhipicephalus evertsi : red legged tick Haemaphysailis leachi leachi : yellow dog tick Family:- Ixodidae
Tick Pathogenesis • anemia – heavy infestations Picture credits: UC Davis Veterinary School (top) and http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93608.html (bottom)
Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis – inflammation, swelling, itching, ulceration from tick’s saliva and mouthparts
Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis • paralysis – neurotoxin present in saliva of some species Dermacentor sp.
Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis • Paralysis • Tick toxicosis. • vector-borne diseases – viral, bacterial, and protozoal
Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human
Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human • tick-borne encephalitis humans, cattle, horses, dogs
Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human • tick-borne encephalitis humans, cattle, horses, dogs • African swine fever wild suids Ornithodorus pig
Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii RMSF rabbits, rodents Dermacentor dogs, humans
Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. bovine anaplasmosis: cattle Dermacentor canine anaplasmosis: rodents, ruminants, dogs Ixodes
Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. canine ehrlichiosis dogs, white-tail deer Rhipicephalus
Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. obligate intracellular parasites
Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. • Coxiella burnetti...no longer grouped with Rickettsia – Q fever obligate intracellular parasites
• Borrelia sp. Lyme disease bovine borreliosis avian spirochetosis Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
• Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis canine hemoplasmosis dogs Rhipicephalus Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
• Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis • Francisella tularensis tularemia rabbits various ticks humans, dogs Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
• Hepatozoon canis Rhipicephalus dog Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
• Hepatozoon canis • Babesia sp. bovine, canine, feline babesiosis, equine piroplasmosis Rhipicephalus Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
• Hepatozoon canis • Babesia sp. • Cytauxzoon felis wild felids Dermacentor cats Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
Hepatozoonosis............................ • etiologic agent: – Hepatozoon canis...an intracellular parasite in various tissues – transmitted via ingestion of infected tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineous)
Differential diagnosis:- Tick infestation can be differentially diagnosed by grossly examining the sample.
Tick removal:-  Pull straight upward, slowly and steadily, do not tug or twist.  Avoid rupturing the tick body  Wash and disinfect bite area Tick control
Tick control cont...
Cont…. • Use of tick repellent on the coat of animal. Daily grooming of animal can reduce the infestation. Anti tick bath can be used
Treatment • powder 5% as dust • Liquid 10% is used as spray. Carbaryl :– Ivermectin :-  1% is given S/C.  Bolus/tablet o.2mg/kg b.w  0.5% used as pour-on
Tick control cont... Doramectin :-  1% is given S/C  0.2mg/kg b.w Shampoo like ketochlore Or frontline plus can be used for bathing of dog.
Vaccines  Produced using biotechnology from crude extract of partially engorged female tick.  The immune mechanism is totally different form that induced by tick infestation. TickGARD™ Gavac™
References • Craig, T.M. 1998. Hepatozoonosis, pp 458-465, In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 2nd Edition; Craig E. Greene (Ed), W.B. Saunders, Pennsylvania. • Greiner, E.C. 2006. Diagnosis of arthropod parasites, pp 185-263, In: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 7th Edition; Anne M. Zajak and Gary A. Conboy (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. • Holman, P.J., and K.F. Snowden. 2009. Canine hepatozoonosis and babesiosis, and feline cytauxzoonosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 39: 1035-53. • Little, S.E. 2009. Vector-borne diseases, pp 240-253, In: Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th Edition; Dwight D. Bowman (Ed), Saunders Publishing, Missouri. • Panciera, R.J., Mathew, J.S., Ewing, S.A., Cummings, C.A., Drost, W.T., and A.A. Kocan. 2000. Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. Vet Pathol 37: 225-230. • Shaw, D. and S. Ihle. 2006. Joint diseases, pp 439-450, In: Small Animal Internal Medicine; Shaw, D. and S. Ihle (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.
Tick and Disease caused by them.
Tick and Disease caused by them.

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Tick and Disease caused by them.

  • 2. Ticks • Class Arachnida – closely related to mites
  • 3. Ticks • Class Arachnida – closely related to mites • obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites – vectors
  • 4. Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • sclerotized dorsal shield – “hard ticks” Argasidae • unsclerotized – “soft ticks”
  • 5. Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • sclerotized dorsal shield – “hard ticks” • sexually dimorphic – females larger – male scutum covers dorsum Argasidae • unsclerotized – “soft ticks” • little sexual dimorphism
  • 6. Ticks of Veterinary Importance Ixodidae • primarily off host – “sit-and-wait” • mate on host • require days to complete engorgement • live outdoors Argasidae • live in close proximity to host • mate off host • require mins - hrs to feed and feed repeatedly • live in dwelling/sleeping places of hosts
  • 8. Differences in Life Cycle (1) hard ticks soft ticks L.C. O->L->N->A O->L->N1->N2 ->N3->A Habitat Free range spp. Attack host in the day Burrow inhabiting spp. nocternal feeder Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars Adult feeding 1 blood meal Intermittent feeders (5-12 or more)
  • 9. Differences in Life Cycle (2) hard ticks soft ticks Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts Egg laying Thousands / single batch Less than thousand in several batches Life span 2 months – 3 years Long duration (as long as 16 years)
  • 10. Argus persicus: fowl tick/blue bug. Otobius mengnini: spinose ear tick. Ornithodoros moubata :eyeless tampan of Africa. Family:- Argasidae
  • 11. Ixodes ricinus : castor been tick Boophilus microplus : the topical catle tick Boophilus decoloratus : blue tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus : brown dog tick Rhipicephalus evertsi : red legged tick Haemaphysailis leachi leachi : yellow dog tick Family:- Ixodidae
  • 12. Tick Pathogenesis • anemia – heavy infestations Picture credits: UC Davis Veterinary School (top) and http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93608.html (bottom)
  • 13. Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis – inflammation, swelling, itching, ulceration from tick’s saliva and mouthparts
  • 14. Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis • paralysis – neurotoxin present in saliva of some species Dermacentor sp.
  • 15. Tick Pathogenesis • anemia • dermatosis • Paralysis • Tick toxicosis. • vector-borne diseases – viral, bacterial, and protozoal
  • 16. Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human
  • 17. Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human • tick-borne encephalitis humans, cattle, horses, dogs
  • 18. Tick-borne Viral Diseases • Colorado tick fever rodents Dermacentor human • tick-borne encephalitis humans, cattle, horses, dogs • African swine fever wild suids Ornithodorus pig
  • 19. Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii RMSF rabbits, rodents Dermacentor dogs, humans
  • 20. Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. bovine anaplasmosis: cattle Dermacentor canine anaplasmosis: rodents, ruminants, dogs Ixodes
  • 21. Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. canine ehrlichiosis dogs, white-tail deer Rhipicephalus
  • 22. Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. obligate intracellular parasites
  • 23. Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases • Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp. • Ehrlichia sp. • Coxiella burnetti...no longer grouped with Rickettsia – Q fever obligate intracellular parasites
  • 24. • Borrelia sp. Lyme disease bovine borreliosis avian spirochetosis Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
  • 25. • Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis canine hemoplasmosis dogs Rhipicephalus Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
  • 26. • Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis • Francisella tularensis tularemia rabbits various ticks humans, dogs Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases
  • 27. • Hepatozoon canis Rhipicephalus dog Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
  • 28. • Hepatozoon canis • Babesia sp. bovine, canine, feline babesiosis, equine piroplasmosis Rhipicephalus Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
  • 29. • Hepatozoon canis • Babesia sp. • Cytauxzoon felis wild felids Dermacentor cats Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases
  • 30. Hepatozoonosis............................ • etiologic agent: – Hepatozoon canis...an intracellular parasite in various tissues – transmitted via ingestion of infected tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineous)
  • 31. Differential diagnosis:- Tick infestation can be differentially diagnosed by grossly examining the sample.
  • 32. Tick removal:-  Pull straight upward, slowly and steadily, do not tug or twist.  Avoid rupturing the tick body  Wash and disinfect bite area Tick control
  • 34. Cont…. • Use of tick repellent on the coat of animal. Daily grooming of animal can reduce the infestation. Anti tick bath can be used
  • 35. Treatment • powder 5% as dust • Liquid 10% is used as spray. Carbaryl :– Ivermectin :-  1% is given S/C.  Bolus/tablet o.2mg/kg b.w  0.5% used as pour-on
  • 36. Tick control cont... Doramectin :-  1% is given S/C  0.2mg/kg b.w Shampoo like ketochlore Or frontline plus can be used for bathing of dog.
  • 37. Vaccines  Produced using biotechnology from crude extract of partially engorged female tick.  The immune mechanism is totally different form that induced by tick infestation. TickGARD™ Gavac™
  • 38. References • Craig, T.M. 1998. Hepatozoonosis, pp 458-465, In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 2nd Edition; Craig E. Greene (Ed), W.B. Saunders, Pennsylvania. • Greiner, E.C. 2006. Diagnosis of arthropod parasites, pp 185-263, In: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 7th Edition; Anne M. Zajak and Gary A. Conboy (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. • Holman, P.J., and K.F. Snowden. 2009. Canine hepatozoonosis and babesiosis, and feline cytauxzoonosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 39: 1035-53. • Little, S.E. 2009. Vector-borne diseases, pp 240-253, In: Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th Edition; Dwight D. Bowman (Ed), Saunders Publishing, Missouri. • Panciera, R.J., Mathew, J.S., Ewing, S.A., Cummings, C.A., Drost, W.T., and A.A. Kocan. 2000. Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. Vet Pathol 37: 225-230. • Shaw, D. and S. Ihle. 2006. Joint diseases, pp 439-450, In: Small Animal Internal Medicine; Shaw, D. and S. Ihle (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.