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Asia is the largest and most populated continent on Earth, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It shares the continental land of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental land of Afro-Eurasia with Europe and Africa. Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometers (17,212,000 sq mi), accounting for about 30% of the Earth’s total land area and 8.7% of the entire Earth’s surface. The continent, which has long been home to most of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is distinguished not only by its large size and population, but also by dense and large settlements, as well as huge sparsely populated regions. Its 4.5 billion people (as of June 2019) make up roughly 60% of the world’s population.

In general, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Asia’s border with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. This is somewhat arbitrary and has gone from its original concept to classical antiquity. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences between East and West, some of which differ in spectrum rather than in a clear dividing line. The most commonly accepted borders run across Asia east of the Suez Canal, separating it from Africa; and east of the Turkish Straits, the Ural Mountains and the Ural River, and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas that separate it from Europe.

China and India alternated as the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 BC. China was a major economic power and attracted many to the East, and for many, the legendary wealth and prosperity of India’s ancient culture personified Asia, attracting European trade, exploration and colonialism. The accidental discovery of a transatlantic route from Europe to America from Columbus while searching for a route to India demonstrates this deep fascination. The Silk Road became the main east-west trade route among Asian Westerners, and the Straits of Malacca became the main sea route. Asia is showing economic dynamism (especially East Asia) as well as stable population growth in the 20th century, but overall population growth is declining. Asia was home to most of the world’s major religions, including Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Jainism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and many other religions.

Given its size and diversity, the term “Asia” – a name that goes back to classical antiquity – may actually have more to do with human geography than with physical geography.