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Gemstones are mineral crystals or organic materials that have been cut and polished in beautiful objects by skilled craftsmen. Minerals are natural, solid, inorganic compounds found in rocks. Each mineral has a fixed chemical composition and an ordinary atomic structure, which gives it a special hardness and color. Many natural crystals are attractive enough to be shown. Most of these crystals, however, are faceted and polished to improve their appearance.

Few gemstones, called organic, come from plants and animals. These gems include ivory, amber and pearls. There is a category of gemstones, known as synthetic. They are not of natural origin and are produced in laboratories. These artificial gemstones are carved to resemble real ones. They have the same physical properties and chemical composition as natural gemstones. Precious stones are usually measured by their weight in carats.

To be considered a precious stone, it must be rare, beautiful and durable. Precious stones in their natural crystalline form are rare, which means that they can only be found in certain parts of the world. Their lack makes them valuable in the market. The color of minerals should be attractive, so gemstones look beautiful. Precious stones should be durable, which means that they must be strong enough to withstand scratches and damage.

The most valuable sign of gemstones is color. Colorful gemstones, such as emeralds, rubies and sapphires, are at a high price. Diamonds, although colorless, turn into beautiful and shiny cutting-edge forms of cutting. White light consists of a combination of color spectrum. When white light falls on a precious stone, some colors are absorbed, and the rest are reflected back. These colors, which are reflected, are what we see as the color of the gem. Since each mineral interacts with light in different ways, a large number of gemstones are produced.

The physical properties of gemstones are their hardness, their specific gravity and the way they break. These properties largely depend on the atomic structure and chemical bonding of the stone. The hardness of a precious stone is measured by how difficult it is to scratch. The specific gravity or density of the gemstone is obtained by estimating by its weight on an equal volume of water. Gemstones can be broken down into two ways – by cleaving or fracturing. The way they break depends on the atomic structure of the stone. The gemstones that split are broken through to the low atomic bonding planes. Those who split are break on a surface that is not related to the atomic structure.

Cutting gems is a form of art that is designed to produce finely cut faceted gemstones. This art contributes to the beauty of the precious stone and its value. Great progress has been made in the methods of cutting and polishing gemstones. These advanced techniques, combined with increased awareness of how gemstones react to light, have led to remarkable improvements associated with the advent of gemstones.