{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:44:45Z","timestamp":1778255085581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004147","name":"Tsinghua University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZZ-GG-20250403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ-GG-20250403"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52221005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52221005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2588101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2588101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52572334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52572334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52220105001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52220105001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52472446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52472446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2501205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2501205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002837","name":"Chang'an University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300103725033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300103725033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T13:26:26Z","timestamp":1760534786000},"page":"129943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Optimization of task scheduling and resource allocation for autonomous vehicle testing in vehicle-road-cloud collaborative systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"299","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3008-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xiangmo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0724-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110413","article-title":"A fault-tolerant adaptive genetic algorithm for service scheduling in internet of vehicles","volume":"143","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Applied Soft Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44227-024-00034-z","article-title":"A combined marine predators and particle swarm optimization for task offloading in vehicular edge computing network","volume":"12","author":"Abuthahir","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210009","article-title":"Ensuring federated learning reliability for infrastructure-enhanced autonomous driving","volume":"6","author":"Acar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118941","article-title":"Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle charging operations considering real-time traffic condition and travel distance","volume":"213","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-06925-y","article-title":"Modified firefly algorithm for workflow scheduling in cloud-edge environment","volume":"34","author":"Bacanin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural computing and applications"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16672","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3354348","article-title":"Cost-minimized computation offloading and user association in hybrid cloud and edge computing","volume":"11","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210044","article-title":"Decision making and control of autonomous vehicles under the condition of front vehicle sideslip","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3100117","article-title":"Multiuser computation offloading and resource allocation for cloud\u2013edge heterogeneous network","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-023-05714-1","article-title":"Multi objective dynamic task scheduling optimization algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning","volume":"80","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Supercomputing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj15020039","article-title":"Exploring computing paradigms for electric vehicles: from cloud to edge intelligence, challenges and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Chougule","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Electric Vehicle Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2023.04.004","article-title":"A real-time and ACO-based offloading algorithm in edge computing","volume":"179","author":"Chuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2991641","article-title":"Multi-armed bandit learning for computation-intensive services in MEC-empowered vehicular networks","volume":"69","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7712","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3349546","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based task offloading for vehicular edge computing with flexible RSU-RSU cooperation","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-020-03221-z","article-title":"Task scheduling of cloud computing based on hybrid particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125762","article-title":"Quantum-inspired gravitational search algorithm-based low-price binary task offloading for multi-users in unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted edge computing systems","volume":"263","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12065-024-00979-8","article-title":"Improved task scheduling in heterogeneous distributed systems using intelligent greedy harris hawk optimization algorithm","volume":"17","author":"Habibpour Roudsari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Evolutionary Intelligence"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6895","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3207754","article-title":"Adaptive energy-minimized scheduling of real-time applications in vehicular edge computing","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2955311","article-title":"Dynamic request scheduling optimization in mobile edge computing for iot applications","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0019","series-title":"Cloud computing: First international conference, CloudCom 2009, Beijing, China, December 1\u20134, 2009, proceedings","volume":"vol. 5931","author":"Jaatun","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0020","series-title":"International conference on multi-strategy learning environment","first-page":"143","article-title":"Aco-optimized drl model for energy-efficient resource allocation in high-performance computing","author":"Jermanshiyamala","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6252","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2954503","article-title":"Deep-learning-based joint resource scheduling algorithms for hybrid MEC networks","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9278","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2988457","article-title":"Stacked autoencoder-based deep reinforcement learning for online resource scheduling in large-scale MEC networks","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9278","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2988457","article-title":"Stacked autoencoder-based deep reinforcement learning for online resource scheduling in large-scale MEC networks","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2018","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mec in 5g networks","volume":"28","author":"Kekki","year":"2018","journal-title":"ETSI White Paper"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122570","article-title":"Distributed edge signal control for cooperating pre-planned connected automated vehicle path and signal timing at edge computing-enabled intersections","volume":"241","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121456","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3109132","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning and game theory for computation offloading in dynamic edge computing markets","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107532","article-title":"Intelligent scheduling method for multi-machine cooperative operation based on NSGA-III and improved ant colony algorithm","volume":"204","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.26599\/JICV.2023.9210021","article-title":"Multi-level objective control of AVs at a saturated signalized intersection with multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3155667","article-title":"Rl\/drl meets vehicular task offloading using edge and vehicular cloudlet: A survey","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124716","article-title":"Efficient resource allocation for iot applications in mobile edge computing via dynamic request scheduling optimization","volume":"255","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15513","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3249745","article-title":"Asynchronous deep reinforcement learning for collaborative task computing and on-demand resource allocation in vehicular edge computing","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3387707","article-title":"Ga-drl: Graph neural network-augmented deep reinforcement learning for dag task scheduling over dynamic vehicular clouds","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100520","article-title":"Can language models be used for real-world urban-delivery route optimization?","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2021.3064579","article-title":"Minimizing the delay and cost of computation offloading for vehicular edge computing","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3225147","article-title":"Drl-based computation offloading with queue stability for vehicular-cloud-assisted mobile edge computing systems","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0036","series-title":"2022\u202fIEEE 11th international conference on cloud networking (cloudnet)","first-page":"159","article-title":"An efficient simulated annealing-based task scheduling technique for task offloading in a mobile edge architecture","author":"Mahjoubi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70707","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3402611","article-title":"An online simulated annealing-based task offloading strategy for a mobile edge architecture","volume":"12","author":"Mahjoubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2023.100107","article-title":"Continuum modeling of freeway traffic flows: State-of-the-art, challenges and future directions in the era of connected and automated vehicles","volume":"3","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13339","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3391831","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based adaptive computation offloading and power allocation in vehicular edge computing networks","volume":"25","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3024538","article-title":"Mobility-aware joint task scheduling and resource allocation for cooperative mobile edge computing","volume":"20","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.2975774","article-title":"Scheduling workflows with composite tasks: A nested particle swarm optimization approach","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Services Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116730","article-title":"Delay-sensitive tasks offloading in multi-access edge computing","volume":"198","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert systems with applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.119563","article-title":"Joint bandwidth allocation and task offloading in multi-access edge computing","volume":"217","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0044","article-title":"Cross-domain resources optimization for hybrid edge computing networks: Federated DRL approach","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3239339","article-title":"Bargain-match: A game theoretical approach for resource allocation and task offloading in vehicular edge computing networks","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0046","series-title":"Ieee infocom 2020-ieee conference on computer communications workshops (infocom wkshps)","first-page":"406","article-title":"Resource allocation in MEC-enabled vehicular networks: A deep reinforcement learning approach","author":"Tan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.commtr.2024.100138","article-title":"Fleet data based traffic modeling","volume":"4","author":"Tettamanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications in Transportation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0048","series-title":"2024\u202fIEEE international symposium on broadband multimedia systems and broadcasting (BMSB)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drl-based partial task offloading for multiple vehicles in vec networks","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.06.020","article-title":"An efficient scheduling scheme for intelligent driving tasks in a novel vehicle-edge architecture considering mobility and load balancing","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3179820","article-title":"Joagt: Latency-oriented joint optimization of computation offloading and resource allocation in d2d-assisted mec system","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Communications Letters"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21478","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3179987","article-title":"Computation offloading and resource allocation in MEC-enabled integrated aerial-terrestrial vehicular networks: A reinforcement learning approach","volume":"23","author":"Waqar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7665","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3171817","article-title":"Intelligent computation offloading for MEC-based cooperative vehicle infrastructure system: A deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103636","article-title":"Entire route eco-driving method for electric bus based on rule-based reinforcement learning","volume":"189","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.107962","article-title":"Generation of critical pedestrian scenarios for autonomous vehicle testing","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2025.100986","article-title":"Policy-aware cross-city learning: A framework for sustainable urban governance","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Innovation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13196","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3355462","article-title":"Efficient vehicular edge computing: A novel approach with asynchronous federated and deep reinforcement learning for content caching in VEC","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16010019","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization for efficient d2d-assisted computation offloading and resource allocation in multi-access edge computing","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3087178","article-title":"Load balancing for distributed intelligent edge computing: A state-based game approach","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2688925","article-title":"Computing resource allocation in three-tier iot fog networks: A joint optimization approach combining stackelberg game and matching","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2959410","article-title":"Task offloading in vehicular edge computing networks: a load-balancing solution","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3449851","article-title":"Advancing rsu-assisted automated vehicle networks: A drl empowered distributed task offloading framework","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2023.103193","article-title":"Task offloading strategy and scheduling optimization for internet of vehicles based on deep reinforcement learning","volume":"147","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Networks"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems with Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425035584?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0957417425035584?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:57:19Z","timestamp":1777597039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0957417425035584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0957417425035584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4174","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization of task scheduling and resource allocation for autonomous vehicle testing in vehicle-road-cloud collaborative systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Expert Systems with Applications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.129943","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"129943"}}