{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:14:46Z","timestamp":1777407286094,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":291,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Inf. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As a cornerstone of modern information access, search engines have become indispensable in everyday life. With the rapid advancements in AI and natural language processing (NLP) technologies, particularly large language models (LLMs), search engines have evolved to support more intuitive and intelligent interactions between users and systems. Conversational search, an emerging paradigm for next-generation search engines, leverages natural language dialogue to facilitate complex and precise information retrieval, thus attracting significant attention. Unlike traditional keyword-based search engines, conversational search systems enhance user experience by supporting intricate queries, maintaining context over multi-turn interactions, and providing robust information integration and processing capabilities. Key components such as query reformulation, search clarification, conversational retrieval, and response generation work in unison to enable these sophisticated interactions. In this survey, we explore the recent advancements and potential future directions in conversational search, examining the critical modules that constitute a conversational search system. We highlight the integration of LLMs in enhancing these systems and discuss the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in this dynamic field. Additionally, we provide insights into real-world applications and robust evaluations of current conversational search systems, aiming to guide future research and development in conversational search.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3759453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:32:44Z","timestamp":1754667164000},"page":"1-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Survey of Conversational Search"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0838-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengran","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5648-568X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelong","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8169-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziliang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4011-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9812-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0823-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiruo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0708-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1556-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Yun","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra Abbasiantaeb Simon Lupart Leif Azzopardi Jeffery Dalton and Mohammad Aliannejadi. 2025. Conversational gold: Evaluating personalized conversational search system using gold nuggets. In Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval 3455\u20133465.","DOI":"10.1145\/3726302.3730316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"196","volume-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","author":"Abbasiantaeb Zahra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zahra Abbasiantaeb, Chuan Meng, Leif Azzopardi, and Mohammad Aliannejadi. 2025. Improving the reusability of conversational search test collections. In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 196\u2013213."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00471","article-title":"TopiOCQA: Open-domain conversational question answering with topic switching","volume":"10","author":"Adlakha Vaibhav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vaibhav Adlakha, Shehzaad Dhuliawala, Kaheer Suleman, Harm de Vries, and Siva Reddy. 2022. TopiOCQA: Open-domain conversational question answering with topic switching. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 10 (2022), 468\u2013483.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi Zahra Abbasiantaeb Shubham Chatterjee Jeffery Dalton and Leif Azzopardi. 2024. TREC iKAT 2023: The interactive knowledge assistance track overview. arXiv:2401.01330. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.01330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi Leif Azzopardi Hamed Zamani Evangelos Kanoulas Paul Thomas and Nick Craswell. 2021. Analysing mixed initiatives and search strategies during conversational search. arXiv:2109.05955. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.05955","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Information Access in the Era of Generative AI","author":"Aliannejadi Mohammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi, Jacek Gwizdka, and Hamed Zamani. 2024. Interactions with generative information retrieval systems. In Information Access in the Era of Generative AI. Springer, 47\u201371."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi Julia Kiseleva Aleksandr Chuklin Jeff Dalton and Mikhail Burtsev. 2020. ConvAI3: Generating clarifying questions for open-domain dialogue systems (ClariQ). arXiv:2009.11352. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2009.11352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi Julia Kiseleva Aleksandr Chuklin Jeffrey Dalton and Mikhail Burtsev. 2021. Building and evaluating open-domain dialogue corpora with clarifying questions. arXiv:2109.05794. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.05794","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad Aliannejadi Hamed Zamani Fabio Crestani and W. Bruce Croft. 2019. Asking clarifying questions in open-domain information-seeking conversations. arXiv:1907.06554. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1907.06554","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Ashkan Alinejad Krtin Kumar and Ali Vahdat. 2024. Evaluating the retrieval component in LLM-based question answering systems. arXiv:2406.06458. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.06458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I\u00f1igo Alonso Maite Oronoz and Rodrigo Agerri. 2024. MedExpQA: Multilingual benchmarking of large language models for medical question answering. arXiv:2404.05590. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.05590","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4780937"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raviteja Anantha Svitlana Vakulenko Zhucheng Tu Shayne Longpre Stephen Pulman and Srinivas Chappidi. 2020. Open-domain question answering goes conversational via question rewriting. arXiv:2010.04898. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.04898","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Chinmaya Andukuri Jan-Philipp Fr\u00e4nken Tobias Gerstenberg and Noah D. Goodman. 2024. STaR-GATE: Teaching language models to ask clarifying questions. arXiv:2403.19154. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.19154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923)","author":"Askari Arian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arian Askari, Mohammad Aliannejadi, Amin Abolghasemi, Evangelos Kanoulas, and Suzan Verberne. 2023. CLosER: Conversational legal longformer with expertise-aware passage response ranker for long contexts. In 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923). Ingo Frommholz, Frank Hopfgartner, Mark Lee, Michael Oakes, Mounia Lalmas, Min Zhang, and Rodrygo L. T. Santos (Eds.), ACM, 25\u201335. DOI: 10.1145\/3583780.3614812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Sandeep Avula Bogeum Choi and Jaime Arguello. 2023. Why and when: Understanding system initiative during conversational collaborative search. arXiv:2303.13484. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.13484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krisztian Balog and ChengXiang Zhai. 2023. User simulation for evaluating information access systems. arXiv:2306.08550. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.08550","DOI":"10.1561\/9781638283799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Zhijie Bao Wei Chen Shengze Xiao Kuang Ren Jiaao Wu Cheng Zhong Jiajie Peng Xuanjing Huang and Zhongyu Wei. 2023. DISC-MedLLM: Bridging general large language models and real-world medical consultation. arXiv:2308.14346. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.14346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.381","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Barlacchi Gianni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gianni Barlacchi, Ivano Lauriola, Alessandro Moschitti, Marco Del Tredici, Xiaoyu Shen, Thuy Vu, Bill Byrne, and Adri\u00e0 de Gispert. 2022. FocusQA: Open-domain question answering with a context in focus. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201922). Yoav Goldberg, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Yue Zhang (Eds.), Association for computational linguistics, 5195\u20135208. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.381"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolwenn Bernard. 2023. Leveraging user simulation to develop and evaluate conversational information access agents. arXiv:2312.08041. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2312.08041","DOI":"10.1145\/3616855.3635730"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolwenn Bernard and Krisztian Balog. 2023. MG-ShopDial: A multi-goal conversational dataset for e-commerce. arXiv:2304.12636. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.12636","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Rajarshi Bhowmik Karl Stratos and Gerard de Melo. 2021. Fast and effective biomedical entity linking using a dual encoder. arXiv:2103.05028. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.05028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Keping Bi Qingyao Ai and W. Bruce Croft. 2021. Asking clarifying questions based on negative feedback in conversational search. arXiv:2107.05760. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.05760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1145\/3020165.3022149","volume-title":"2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR \u201917)","author":"Braslavski Pavel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavel Braslavski, Denis Savenkov, Eugene Agichtein, and Alina Dubatovka. 2017. What do you mean exactly? Analyzing clarification questions in CQA. In 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR \u201917). Ragnar Nordlie, Nils Pharo, Luanne Freund, Birger Larsen, and Dan Russel (Eds.), ACM, 345\u2013348. DOI: 10.1145\/3020165.3022149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"6th European Conference on Case Based Reasoning (ECCBR \u201902)","author":"Bridge Derek G.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Derek G. Bridge. 2002. Towards conversational recommender systems: A dialogue grammar approach. In 6th European Conference on Case Based Reasoning (ECCBR \u201902), 9\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","unstructured":"Yan Cai Linlin Wang Ye Wang Gerard de Melo Ya Zhang Yanfeng Wang and Liang He. 2023. MedBench: A large-scale Chinese benchmark for evaluating medical large language models. arXiv:2312.12806. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.12806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"243","volume-title":"31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201908)","author":"Cao Guihong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guihong Cao, Jian-Yun Nie, Jianfeng Gao, and Stephen Robertson. 2008. Selecting good expansion terms for pseudo-relevance feedback. In 31st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201908). Sung-Hyon Myaeng, Douglas W. Oard, Fabrizio Sebastiani, Tat-Seng Chua, and Mun-Kew Leong (Eds.), ACM, 243\u2013250. DOI: 10.1145\/1390334.1390377"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/366836.366860","article-title":"An information-theoretic approach to automatic query expansion","volume":"19","author":"Carpineto Claudio","year":"2001","unstructured":"Claudio Carpineto, Renato de Mori, Giovanni Romano, and Brigitte Bigi. 2001. An information-theoretic approach to automatic query expansion. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 19, 1 (2001), 1\u201327. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/366836.366860","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Anthony Chen Panupong Pasupat Sameer Singh Hongrae Lee and Kelvin Guu. 2023. PURR: Efficiently editing language model hallucinations by denoising language model corruptions. arXiv:2305.14908. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.14908"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Haonan Chen Zhicheng Dou Kelong Mao Jiongnan Liu and Ziliang Zhao. 2024. Generalizing conversational dense retrieval via LLM-cognition data augmentation. arXiv:2402.07092. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.07092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"3670","volume-title":"48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Chen Jia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jia Chen, Qian Dong, Haitao Li, Xiaohui He, Yan Gao, Shaosheng Cao, Yi Wu, Ping Yang, Chen Xu, Yao Hu, et al. 2025. Qilin: A multimodal information retrieval dataset with APP-level user sessions. In 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 3670\u20133680."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qibin Chen Junyang Lin Yichang Zhang Ming Ding Yukuo Cen Hongxia Yang and Jie Tang. 2019. Towards knowledge-based recommender dialog system. arXiv:1908.05391. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1908.05391","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.355","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923)","author":"Chen Sai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sai Chen, Fengran Mo, Yanhao Wang, Cen Chen, Jian-Yun Nie, Chengyu Wang, and Jamie Cui. 2023. A customized text sanitization mechanism with differential privacy. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923), 5747\u20135758."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhiyu Chen Shiyang Li Charese Smiley Zhiqiang Ma Sameena Shah and William Yang Wang. 2022. ConvFinQA: exploring the chain of numerical reasoning in conversational finance question answering. arXiv:2210.03849. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.03849","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhiyu Chen Jie Zhao Anjie Fang Besnik Fetahu Oleg Rokhlenko and Shervin Malmasi. 2022. Reinforced question rewriting for conversational question answering. arXiv:2210.15777. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.15777","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-industry.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"Yiruo Cheng Kelong Mao and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. Interpreting conversational dense retrieval by rewriting-enhanced inversion of session embedding. arXiv:2402.12774. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.12774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Cheng Yiruo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yiruo Cheng, Kelong Mao, Ziliang Zhao, Guanting Dong, Hongjin Qian, Yongkang Wu, Tetsuya Sakai, Ji-Rong Wen, and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. CORAL: Benchmarking multi-turn conversational retrieval-augmentation generation. In Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Stephen Choi William Gazeley Siu Ho Wong and Tingting Li. 2023. Conversational financial information retrieval model (ConFIRM). arXiv:2310.13001. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.13001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philipp Christmann Rishiraj Saha Roy and Gerhard Weikum. 2023. Explainable conversational question answering over heterogeneous sources via iterative graph neural networks. arXiv:2305.01548. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.01548","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","unstructured":"Zhumin Chu Zhihong Wang Yiqun Liu Yingye Huang Min Zhang and Shaoping Ma. 2022. ConvSearch: A open-domain conversational search behavior dataset. arXiv:2204.02659. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.02659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","volume-title":"21st Text Retrieval Conference (TREC \u201912)","author":"Clarke Charles L. A.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charles L. A. Clarke, Nick Craswell, and Ellen M. Voorhees. 2012. Overview of the TREC 2012 web track. In 21st Text Retrieval Conference (TREC \u201912). Ellen M. Voorhees and Lori P. Buckland (Eds.), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved from https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec21\/papers\/WEB12.overview.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florin Cuconasu Giovanni Trappolini Federico Siciliano Simone Filice Cesare Campagnano Yoelle Maarek Nicola Tonellotto and Fabrizio Silvestri. 2024. The power of noise: Redefining retrieval for RAG systems. arXiv:2401.14887. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.14887","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657834"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/3274784.3274788","article-title":"Research frontiers in information retrieval: Report from the third strategic workshop on information retrieval in lorne (SWIRL 2018)","volume":"52","author":"Culpepper J. Shane","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Shane Culpepper, Fernando Diaz, and Mark D. Smucker. 2018. Research frontiers in information retrieval: Report from the third strategic workshop on information retrieval in lorne (SWIRL 2018). ACM SIGIR Forum 52, 1 (2018), 34\u201390. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3274784.3274788","journal-title":"ACM SIGIR Forum"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffrey Dalton Chenyan Xiong and Jamie Callan. 2020. TREC CAsT 2019: The conversational assistance track overview. arXiv:2003.13624. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.13624","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1266.cast-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffrey Dalton Chenyan Xiong and Jamie Callan. 2020. TREC CAsT 2019: The conversational assistance track overview. arXiv:2003.13624. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.13624","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.1266.cast-overview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","volume-title":"30th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC \u201921)","author":"Dalton Jeffrey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeffrey Dalton, Chenyan Xiong, and Jamie Callan. 2021. TREC CAsT 2021: The conversational assistance track overview. In 30th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC \u201921). Ian Soboroff and Angela Ellis (Eds.), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved from https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec30\/papers\/Overview-CAsT.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Degachi Chadha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chadha Degachi, Ujjayan Dhar, Evangelos Niforatos, and Gerd Kortuem. 2025. Towards a domain expert evaluation framework for conversational search in healthcare. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Deng Wenqiang Lei Wenxuan Zhang Wai Lam and Tat-Seng Chua. 2022. PACIFIC: Towards proactive conversational question answering over tabular and textual data in finance. arXiv:2210.08817. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.08817","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"2113","volume-title":"46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923)","author":"Deng Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Deng, Shuaiyi Li, and Wai Lam. 2023. Learning to ask clarification questions with spatial reasoning. In 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923). Hsin-Hsi Chen, Wei-Jou (Edward) Duh, Hen-Hsen Huang, Makoto P. Kato, Josiane Mothe, and Barbara Poblete (Eds.), ACM, 2113\u20132117. DOI: 10.1145\/3539618.3592009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Deng Yaliang Li Fei Sun Bolin Ding and Wai Lam. 2021. Unified conversational recommendation policy learning via graph-based reinforcement learning. arXiv:2105.09710. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.09710","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Deng Lizi Liao Zhonghua Zheng Grace Hui Yang and Tat-Seng Chua. 2024. Towards human-centered proactive conversational agents. arXiv:2404.12670. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.12670","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","unstructured":"Yihe Deng Weitong Zhang Zixiang Chen and Quanquan Gu. 2023. Rephrase and respond: Let large language models ask better questions for themselves. arXiv:2311.04205. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.04205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Yang Deng Xuan Zhang Wenxuan Zhang Yifei Yuan See-Kiong Ng and Tat-Seng Chua. 2024. On the multi-turn instruction following for conversational web agents. arXiv:2402.15057. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.15057."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin Ming-Wei Chang Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv:1810.04805. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1810.04805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Emily Dinan Stephen Roller Kurt Shuster Angela Fan Michael Auli and Jason Weston. 2018. Wizard of wikipedia: Knowledge-powered conversational agents. arXiv:1811.01241. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.01241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","first-page":"1311","volume-title":"20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201911)","author":"Dou Zhicheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhicheng Dou, Sha Hu, Yulong Luo, Ruihua Song, and Ji-Rong Wen. 2011. Finding dimensions for queries. In 20th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201911). Craig Macdonald, Iadh Ounis, and Ian Ruthven (Eds.), ACM, 1311\u20131320. DOI: 10.1145\/2063576.2063767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","first-page":"4649","volume-title":"2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Du Xinya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xinya Du and Heng Ji. 2022. Retrieval-augmented generative question answering for event argument extraction. In 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922). Yoav Goldberg, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Yue Zhang (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 4649\u20134666. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2022.EMNLP-MAIN.307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachary Eberhart and Collin McMillan. 2022. Generating clarifying questions for query refinement in source code search. arXiv:2201.09974. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2201.09974","DOI":"10.1109\/SANER53432.2022.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1605","volume-title":"2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919)","author":"Elgohary Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed Elgohary, Denis Peskov, and Jordan L. Boyd-Graber. 2019. Can you unpack that? Learning to rewrite questions-in-context. In 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919). Kentaro Inui, Jing Jiang, Vincent Ng, and Xiaojun Wan (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 5917\u20135923. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/D19-1605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","author":"Engelmann Bj\u00f6rn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rn Engelmann, Timo Breuer, Jana Isabelle Friese, Philipp Schaer, and Norbert Fuhr. 2024. Context-driven interactive query simulations based on generative large language models. In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 173\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre Erbacher Ludovic Denoyer and Laure Soulier. 2022. Interactive query clarification and refinement via user simulation. arXiv:2205.15918. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2205.15918","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","unstructured":"Pierre Erbacher Jian-Yun Nie Philippe Preux and Laure Soulier. 2024. PAQA: Toward ProActive open-retrieval question answering. arXiv:2402.16608. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.16608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song Feng Siva Sankalp Patel Hui Wan and Sachindra Joshi. 2021. MultiDoc2Dial: Modeling dialogues grounded in multiple documents. arXiv:2109.12595. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.12595","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"Yue Feng Hossein A. Rahmani Aldo Lipani and Emine Yilmaz. 2023. Towards asking clarification questions for information seeking on task-oriented dialogues. arXiv:2305.13690. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.13690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thibault Formal Benjamin Piwowarski and St\u00e9phane Clinchant. 2021. SPLADE: Sparse lexical and expansion model for first stage ranking. arXiv:2107.05720. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.05720","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","unstructured":"Luke Friedman Sameer Ahuja David Allen Zhenning Tan Hakim Sidahmed Changbo Long Jun Xie Gabriel Schubiner Ajay Patel Harsh Lara et al. 2023. Leveraging large language models in conversational recommender systems. arXiv:2305.07961. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.07961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","unstructured":"Haomin Fu Yeqin Zhang Haiyang Yu Jian Sun Fei Huang Luo Si Yongbin Li and Cam-Tu Nguyen. 2022. Doc2Bot: Accessing heterogeneous documents via conversational bots. arXiv:2210.11060. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2210.11060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","first-page":"2277","volume-title":"46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923)","author":"Fu Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao Fu and Aldo Lipani. 2023. Priming and actions: An analysis in conversational search systems. In 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923). Hsin-Hsi Chen, Wei-Jou (Edward) Duh, Hen-Hsen Huang, Makoto P. Kato, Josiane Mothe, and Barbara Poblete (Eds.), ACM, 2277\u20132281. DOI: 10.1145\/3539618.3592041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","first-page":"275","volume-title":"2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201922)","author":"Fu Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao Fu, Emine Yilmaz, and Aldo Lipani. 2022. Evaluating the cranfield paradigm for conversational search systems. In 2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201922). Fabio Crestani, Gabriella Pasi, and \u00c9ric Gaussier (Eds.), ACM, 275\u2013280. DOI: 10.1145\/3539813.3545126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","first-page":"230","volume-title":"44th European Conference on IR Research (ECIR \u201922)Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"13185","author":"Gao Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang Gao and Wai Lam. 2022. Search clarification selection via query-intent-clarification graph attention. In 44th European Conference on IR Research (ECIR \u201922). Matthias Hagen, Suzan Verberne, Craig Macdonald, Christin Seifert, Krisztian Balog, Kjetil N\u00f8rv\u00e5g, and Vinay Setty (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 13185, Springer, 230\u2013243. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-030-99736-6_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23080-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"16477","volume-title":"61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923)","author":"Gao Luyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luyu Gao, Zhuyun Dai, Panupong Pasupat, Anthony Chen, Arun Tejasvi Chaganty, Yicheng Fan, Vincent Y. Zhao, Ni Lao, Hongrae Lee, Da-Cheng Juan, et al. 2023. RARR: Researching and revising what language models say, using language models. In 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923). Association for Computational Linguistics, 16477\u201316508."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","first-page":"6465","volume-title":"2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201923)","author":"Gao Tianyu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tianyu Gao, Howard Yen, Jiatong Yu, and Danqi Chen. 2023. Enabling large language models to generate text with citations. In 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201923). Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 6465\u20136488. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2023.EMNLP-MAIN.398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","unstructured":"Yunfan Gao Yun Xiong Xinyu Gao Kangxiang Jia Jinliu Pan Yuxi Bi Yi Dai Jiawei Sun Qianyu Guo Meng Wang et al. 2023. Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: A survey. arXiv:2312.10997. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.10997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peiyuan Gong Jiamian Li and Jiaxin Mao. 2024. CoSearchAgent: A lightweight collaborative search agent with large language models. arXiv:2402.06360. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.06360","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","volume-title":"3rd Conference on Automated Knowledge Base Construction (AKBC \u201921)","author":"Guo Meiqi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meiqi Guo, Mingda Zhang, Siva Reddy, and Malihe Alikhani. 2021. Abg-CoQA: Clarifying ambiguity in conversational question answering. In 3rd Conference on Automated Knowledge Base Construction (AKBC \u201921). Danqi Chen, Jonathan Berant, Andrew McCallum, and Sameer Singh (Eds.). DOI: 10.24432\/C5F30Z"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"94","article-title":"Recent query reformulation approaches for information retrieval system \u2013 A survey","volume":"16","author":"Gupta Vishal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vishal Gupta and Ashutosh Dixit. 2023. Recent query reformulation approaches for information retrieval system \u2013 A survey. Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications (Formerly: Recent Patents on Computer Science) 16, 1 (2023), 94\u2013107.","journal-title":"Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications (Formerly: Recent Patents on Computer Science)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","unstructured":"Nam Le Hai Thomas Gerald Thibault Formal Jian-Yun Nie Benjamin Piwowarski and Laure Soulier. 2023. CoSPLADE: Contextualizing SPLADE for conversational information retrieval. arXiv:2301.04413. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2301.04413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","unstructured":"Tianyu Han Lisa C. Adams Jens-Michalis Papaioannou Paul Grundmann Tom Oberhauser Alexander L\u00f6ser Daniel Truhn and Keno K. Bressem. 2023. MedAlpaca - An open-source collection of medical conversational AI models and training data. arXiv:2304.08247. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.08247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helia Hashemi Hamed Zamani and W. Bruce Croft. 2020. Guided transformer: Leveraging multiple external sources for representation learning in conversational search. arXiv:2006.07548. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.07548","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","first-page":"669","volume-title":"30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201921)","author":"Hashemi Helia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helia Hashemi, Hamed Zamani, and W. Bruce Croft. 2021. Learning multiple intent representations for search queries. In 30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201921). Gianluca Demartini, Guido Zuccon, J. Shane Culpepper, Zi Huang, and Hanghang Tong (Eds.), ACM, 669\u2013679. DOI: 10.1145\/3459637.3482445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","first-page":"4003","volume-title":"31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management","author":"Hashemi Helia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helia Hashemi, Hamed Zamani, and W. Bruce Croft. 2022. Stochastic optimization of text set generation for learning multiple query intent representations. In 31st ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. Mohammad Al Hasan and Li Xiong (Eds.), ACM, 4003\u20134008. DOI: 10.1145\/3511808.3557666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","volume-title":"18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201909)","author":"He Ben","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ben He and Iadh Ounis. 2009. Finding good feedback documents. In 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201909). David Wai-Lok Cheung, Il-Yeol Song, Wesley W. Chu, Xiaohua Hu, and Jimmy Lin (Eds.), ACM, 2011\u20132014. DOI: 10.1145\/1645953.1646289"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/1911-3846.12832","article-title":"FinBERT: A large language model for extracting information from financial text","volume":"40","author":"Huang Allen H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allen H. Huang, Hui Wang, and Yi Yang. 2023. FinBERT: A large language model for extracting information from financial text. Contemporary Accounting Research 40, 2 (2023), 806\u2013841.","journal-title":"Contemporary Accounting Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao-Wei Huang Chen-Yu Hsu Tsu-Yuan Hsu Chen-An Li and Yun-Nung Chen. 2023. CONVERSER: Few-shot conversational dense retrieval with synthetic data generation. arXiv:2309.06748. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.06748","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.sigdial-1.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","unstructured":"Kaiyu Huang Fengran Mo Hongliang Li You Li Yuanchi Zhang Weijian Yi Yulong Mao Jinchen Liu Yuzhuang Xu Jinan Xu et al. 2024. A survey on large language models with multilingualism: Recent advances and new frontiers. arXiv:2405.10936. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.10936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","unstructured":"Yunah Jang Kang-Il Lee Hyunkyung Bae Seungpil Won Hwanhee Lee and Kyomin Jung. 2023. IterCQR: Iterative conversational query reformulation without human supervision. arXiv:2311.09820. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.09820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","unstructured":"Dietmar Jannach Ahtsham Manzoor Wanling Cai and Li Chen. 2020. A survey on co8nversational recommender systems. arXiv:2004.00646. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.00646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","unstructured":"Hyunmin Jeon and Gary Geunbae Lee. 2021. Domain state tracking for a simplified dialogue system. arXiv:2103.06648. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.06648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soyeong Jeong Jinheon Baek Sung Ju Hwang and Jong C. Park. 2023. Phrase retrieval for open-domain conversational question answering with conversational dependency modeling via contrastive learning. arXiv:2306.04293. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.04293","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Adjunct Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Ji Kaixin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaixin Ji, Sachin Pathiyan Cherumanal, Johanne R. Trippas, Danula Hettiachchi, Flora D. Salim, Falk Scholer, and Damiano Spina. 2024. Towards detecting and mitigating cognitive bias in spoken conversational search. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"5787","volume-title":"13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC \u201922)","author":"Jia Meihuizi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meihuizi Jia, Ruixue Liu, Peiying Wang, Yang Song, Zexi Xi, Haobin Li, Xin Shen, Meng Chen, Jinhui Pang, and Xiaodong He. 2022. E-ConvRec: A large-scale conversational recommendation dataset for E-commerce customer service. In 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC \u201922). Nicoletta Calzolari, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric B\u00e9chet, Philippe Blache, Khalid Choukri, Christopher Cieri, Thierry Declerck, Sara Goggi, Hitoshi Isahara, Bente Maegaard, Joseph Mariani, et al. (Eds.), European Language Resources Association, 5787\u20135796. Retrieved from https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/2022.lrec-1.622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","unstructured":"Yiqiao Jin Mohit Chandra Gaurav Verma Yibo Hu Munmun De Choudhury and Srijan Kumar. 2023. Better to ask in English: Cross-lingual evaluation of large language models for healthcare queries. arXiv:2310.13132. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.13132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","first-page":"6649","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923)","author":"Jin Zhuoran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhuoran Jin, Pengfei Cao, Yubo Chen, Kang Liu, and Zhao Jun. 2023. InstructoR: Instructing unsupervised conversational dense retrieval with large language models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923). Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 6649\u20136675. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hideaki Joko Shubham Chatterjee Andrew Ramsay Arjen P. de Vries Jeff Dalton and Faegheh Hasibi. 2024. Doing Personal LAPS: LLM-augmented dialogue construction for personalized multi-session conversational search. arXiv:2405.03480. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.03480","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657815"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00015-7","article-title":"A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments \u2013 Part","volume":"36","author":"Jones Karen Sparck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karen Sparck Jones, Steve Walker, and Stephen E. Robertson. 2000. A probabilistic model of information retrieval: Development and comparative experiments \u2013 Part 1. Information Processing & Management 36, 6 (2000), 779\u2013808. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00015-7","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","unstructured":"Jia-Huei Ju Sheng-Chieh Lin Ming-Feng Tsai and Chuan Ju Wang. 2023. Improving conversational passage re-ranking with view ensemble. arXiv:2304.13290. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.13290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534965"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","unstructured":"Gangwoo Kim Sungdong Kim Byeongguk Jeon Joonsuk Park and Jaewoo Kang. 2023. Tree of clarifications: Answering ambiguous questions with retrieval-augmented large language models. arXiv:2310.14696. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.14696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","unstructured":"Sungdong Kim and Gangwoo Kim. 2022. Saving dense retriever from shortcut dependency in conversational search. arXiv:2202.07280. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.07280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","first-page":"93","volume-title":"36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201913)","author":"Kong Weize","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weize Kong and James Allan. 2013. Extracting query facets from search results. In 36th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201913). Gareth J. F. Jones, Paraic Sheridan, Diane Kelly, Maarten de Rijke, Tetsuya Sakai (Eds.), ACM, 93\u2013102. DOI: 10.1145\/2484028.2484097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","first-page":"839","volume-title":"23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201914)","author":"Kong Weize","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weize Kong and James Allan. 2014. Extending faceted search to the general web. In 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201914). Jianzhong Li, Xiaoyang Sean Wang, Minos N. Garofalakis, Ian Soboroff, Torsten Suel, and Min Wang (Eds.), ACM, 839\u2013848. DOI: 10.1145\/2661829.2661964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7207","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.485","volume-title":"2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Kongyoung Sarawoot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarawoot Kongyoung, Craig Macdonald, and Iadh Ounis. 2022. monoQA: Multi-task learning of reranking and answer extraction for open-retrieval conversational question answering. In 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, (EMNLP \u201922). Yoav Goldberg, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Yue Zhang (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 7207\u20137218. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonios Minas Krasakis Mohammad Aliannejadi Nikos Voskarides and Evangelos Kanoulas. 2020. Analysing the effect of clarifying questions on document ranking in conversational search. arXiv:2008.03717. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.03717","DOI":"10.1145\/3409256.3409817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonios Minas Krasakis Andrew Yates and Evangelos Kanoulas. 2022. Zero-shot query contextualization for conversational search. arXiv:2204.10613. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.10613","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaibhav Kumar and Alan W. Black. 2020. ClarQ: A large-scale and diverse dataset for clarification question generation. arXiv:2006.05986. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.05986","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.354","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201920)","author":"Kumar Vaibhav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaibhav Kumar and Jamie Callan. 2020. Making information seeking easier: An improved pipeline for conversational search. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201920). Trevor Cohn, Yulan He, and Yang Liu (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 3971\u20133980. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.354."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaibhav Kumar Vikas Raunak and Jamie Callan. 2020. Ranking clarification questions via natural language inference. arXiv:2008.07688. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.07688","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanis Labrak Adrien Bazoge Emmanuel Morin Pierre-Antoine Gourraud Mickael Rouvier and Richard Dufour. 2024. BioMistral: A collection of open-source pretrained large language models for medical domains. arXiv:2402.10373. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.10373","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weronika Lajewska and Krisztian Balog. 2023. Towards filling the gap in conversational search: From passage retrieval to conversational response generation. arXiv:2308.08911. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.08911","DOI":"10.1145\/3583780.3615132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","first-page":"92","volume-title":"2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region","author":"\u0141ajewska Weronika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weronika \u0141ajewska, Krisztian Balog, Damiano Spina, and Johanne Trippas. 2024. Can users detect biases or factual errors in generated responses in conversational Information-Seeking? In 2024 Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval in the Asia Pacific Region, 92\u2013102."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","unstructured":"Hung Le Doyen Sahoo Chenghao Liu Nancy F. Chen and Steven C. H. Hoi. 2020. UniConv: A unified conversational neural architecture for multi-domain task-oriented dialogues. arXiv:2004.14307. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.14307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","unstructured":"Dongryeol Lee Segwang Kim Minwoo Lee Hwanhee Lee Joonsuk Park Sang-Woo Lee and Kyomin Jung. 2023. Asking clarification questions to handle ambiguity in open-domain QA. arXiv:2305.13808. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.13808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","unstructured":"Joosung Lee and Jinhong Kim. 2024. Enhanced facet generation with LLM editing. arXiv:2403.16345. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.16345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jean Lee Nicholas Stevens Soyeon Caren Han and Minseok Song. 2024. A survey of large language models in finance (FinLLMs). arXiv:2402.02315. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.02315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-024-10495-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","first-page":"2425","volume-title":"43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201920)","author":"Lei Wenqiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wenqiang Lei, Xiangnan He, Maarten de Rijke, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2020. Conversational recommendation: Formulation, methods, and evaluation. In 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201920). Jimmy X. Huang, Yi Chang, Xueqi Cheng, Jaap Kamps, Vanessa Murdock, Ji-Rong Wen, and Yiqun Liu (Eds.), ACM, 2425\u20132428. DOI: 10.1145\/3397271.3401419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","unstructured":"Wenqiang Lei Xiangnan He Yisong Miao Qingyun Wu Richang Hong Min-Yen Kan and Tat-Seng Chua. 2020. Estimation-action-reflection: Towards deep interaction between conversational and recommender systems. arXiv:2002.09102. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.09102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","unstructured":"Wenqiang Lei Gangyi Zhang Xiangnan He Yisong Miao Xiang Wang Liang Chen and Tat-Seng Chua. 2020. Interactive path reasoning on graph for conversational recommendation. arXiv:2007.00194. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2007.00194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","unstructured":"Patrick S. H. Lewis Ethan Perez Aleksandra Piktus Fabio Petroni Vladimir Karpukhin Naman Goyal Heinrich K\u00fcttler Mike Lewis Wen-Tau Yih Tim Rockt\u00e4schel et al. 2020. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. arXiv:2005.11401. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","unstructured":"Belinda Z. Li Alex Tamkin Noah D. Goodman and Jacob Andreas. 2023. Eliciting human preferences with language models. arXiv:2310.11589. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.11589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","unstructured":"Dongfang Li Zetian Sun Xinshuo Hu Zhenyu Liu Ziyang Chen Baotian Hu Aiguo Wu and Min Zhang. 2023. A survey of large language models attribution. arXiv:2311.03731. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.03731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","first-page":"3606","volume-title":"48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Li Haitao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haitao Li, Yifan Chen, Hu YiRan, Qingyao Ai, Junjie Chen, Xiaoyu Yang, Jianhui Yang, Yueyue Wu, Zeyang Liu, and Yiqun Liu. 2025. LexRAG: Benchmarking retrieval-augmented generation in multi-turn legal consultation conversation. In 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 3606\u20133615."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","unstructured":"Huihan Li Tianyu Gao Manan Goenka and Danqi Chen. 2021. Ditch the gold standard: Re-evaluating conversational question answering. arXiv:2112.08812. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.08812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","first-page":"14287","volume-title":"61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923)","author":"Li Haau-Sing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haau-Sing Li, Mohsen Mesgar, Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins, and Iryna Gurevych. 2023. Python code generation by asking clarification questions. In 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923). Anna Rogers, Jordan L. Boyd-Graber, and Naoaki Okazaki (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 14287\u201314306. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","unstructured":"Raymond Li Samira Ebrahimi Kahou Hannes Schulz Vincent Michalski Laurent Charlin and Chris Pal. 2018. Towards deep conversational recommendations. arXiv:1812.07617. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.07617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","unstructured":"Weitao Li Junkai Li Weizhi Ma and Yang Liu. 2024. Citation-enhanced generation for LLM-based chatbots. arXiv:2402.16063. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.16063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","unstructured":"Xiaoxi Li Jiajie Jin Yujia Zhou Yuyao Zhang Peitian Zhang Yutao Zhu and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. From matching to generation: A survey on generative information retrieval. arXiv:2404.14851. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.14851"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","unstructured":"Yongqi Li Wenjie Li and Liqiang Nie. 2021. A graph-guided multi-round retrieval method for conversational open-domain question answering. arXiv:2104.08443. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2104.08443"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","first-page":"82:1","article-title":"Dynamic graph reasoning for conversational open-domain question answering","volume":"40","author":"Li Yongqi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yongqi Li, Wenjie Li, and Liqiang Nie. 2022. Dynamic graph reasoning for conversational open-domain question answering. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 40, 4 (2022), 82:1\u201382:24. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3498557","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","first-page":"4220","volume-title":"60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201922)","author":"Li Yongqi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yongqi Li, Wenjie Li, and Liqiang Nie.2022. MMCoQA: Conversational question answering over text, tables, and images. In 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201922). Smaranda Muresan, Preslav Nakov, and Aline Villavicencio (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 4220\u20134231. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2022.ACL-LONG.290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","first-page":"675","volume-title":"44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201921)","author":"Liao Lizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lizi Liao, Le Hong Long, Zheng Zhang, Minlie Huang, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2021. MMConv: An environment for multimodal conversational search across multiple domains. In 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201921). Fernando Diaz, Chirag Shah, Torsten Suel, Pablo Castells, Rosie Jones, and Tetsuya Sakai (Eds.), ACM, 675\u2013684. DOI: 10.1145\/3404835.3462970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","first-page":"50","volume-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","author":"Lin Allen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Allen Lin, Jianling Wang, Ziwei Zhu, and James Caverlee. 2024. Federated conversational recommender systems. In European Conference on Information Retrieval, 50\u201365."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","first-page":"5521","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923)","author":"Lin Kevin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kevin Lin, Kyle Lo, Joseph Gonzalez, and Dan Klein. 2023. Decomposing complex queries for tip-of-the-tongue retrieval. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923). Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 5521\u20135533. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","unstructured":"Sheng-Chieh Lin Jheng-Hong Yang and Jimmy Lin. 2021. Contextualized query embeddings for conversational search. arXiv:2104.08707. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2104.08707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","unstructured":"Sheng-Chieh Lin Jheng-Hong Yang Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira Ming-Feng Tsai Chuan-Ju Wang and Jimmy Lin. 2020. Conversational question reformulation via sequence-to-sequence architectures and pretrained language models. arXiv:2004.01909. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.01909"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","first-page":"48:1","article-title":"Multi-stage conversational passage retrieval: An approach to fusing term importance estimation and neural query rewriting","volume":"39","author":"Lin Sheng-Chieh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sheng-Chieh Lin, Jheng-Hong Yang, Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira, Ming-Feng Tsai, Chuan-Ju Wang, and Jimmy Lin. 2021. Multi-stage conversational passage retrieval: An approach to fusing term importance estimation and neural query rewriting. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 39, 4 (2021), 48:1\u201348:29. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3446426","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","unstructured":"Xi Victoria Lin Xilun Chen Mingda Chen Weijia Shi Maria Lomeli Rich James Pedro Rodriguez Jacob Kahn Gergely Szilvasy Mike Lewis et al. 2023. RA-DIT: Retrieval-augmented dual instruction tuning. arXiv:2310.01352. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.01352"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","first-page":"51:1","article-title":"How am I doing? Evaluating conversational search systems offline","volume":"39","author":"Lipani Aldo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldo Lipani, Ben Carterette, and Emine Yilmaz. 2021. How am I doing? Evaluating conversational search systems offline. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 39, 4 (2021), 51:1\u201351:22. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3451160","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","unstructured":"Oleg Litvinov Ivan Sekulic Mohammad Aliannejadi and Fabio Crestani. 2024. Analyzing coherency in facet-based clarification prompt generation for search. arXiv:2401.04524. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.04524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","first-page":"1513","volume-title":"32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923)","author":"Liu Bulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulou Liu, Yiran Hu, Qingyao Ai, Yiqun Liu, Yueyue Wu, Chenliang Li, and Weixing Shen. 2023. Leveraging event schema to ask clarifying questions for conversational legal case retrieval. In 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923). Ingo Frommholz, Frank Hopfgartner, Mark Lee, Michael Oakes, Mounia Lalmas, Min Zhang, and Rodrygo L. T. Santos (Eds.), ACM, 1513\u20131522. DOI: 10.1145\/3583780.3614953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","first-page":"622","volume-title":"45th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR \u201923)Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"13980","author":"Liu Bulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulou Liu, Yiran Hu, Yueyue Wu, Yiqun Liu, Fan Zhang, Chenliang Li, Min Zhang, Shaoping Ma, and Weixing Shen. 2023. Investigating conversational agent action in legal case retrieval. In 45th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR \u201923). Jaap Kamps, Lorraine Goeuriot, Fabio Crestani, Maria Maistro, Hideo Joho, Brian Davis, Cathal Gurrin, Udo Kruschwitz, and Annalina Caputo (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 13980, Springer, 622\u2013635. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-031-28244-7_39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","first-page":"1622","volume-title":"44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201921)","author":"Liu Bulou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bulou Liu, Yueyue Wu, Yiqun Liu, Fan Zhang, Yunqiu Shao, Chenliang Li, Min Zhang, and Shaoping Ma. 2021. Conversational vs traditional: Comparing search behavior and outcome in legal case retrieval. In 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201921). Fernando Diaz, Chirag Shah, Torsten Suel, Pablo Castells, Rosie Jones, and Tetsuya Sakai (Eds.), ACM, 1622\u20131626. DOI: 10.1145\/3404835.3463064"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103051","article-title":"Query generation and buffer mechanism: Towards a better conversational agent for legal case retrieval","volume":"59","author":"Liu Bulou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bulou Liu, Yueyue Wu, Fan Zhang, Yiqun Liu, Zhihong Wang, Chenliang Li, Min Zhang, and Shaoping Ma. 2022. Query generation and buffer mechanism: Towards a better conversational agent for legal case retrieval. Information Processing & Management 59, 5 (2022), 103051. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103051","journal-title":"Information Processing & Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","first-page":"196","volume-title":"61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Industry Track (ACL \u201923)","author":"Liu Chuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuang Liu, Junzhuo Li, and Deyi Xiong. 2023. Tab-CQA: A tabular conversational question answering dataset on financial reports. In 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Industry Track (ACL \u201923). Sunayana Sitaram, Beata Beigman Klebanov, and Jason D. Williams (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 196\u2013207. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-industry.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","first-page":"1386","volume-title":"ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924)","author":"Liu Wenhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wenhan Liu, Ziliang Zhao, Yutao Zhu, and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. Mining exploratory queries for conversational search. In ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924). Tat-Seng Chua, Chong-Wah Ngo, Ravi Kumar, Hady W. Lauw, and Roy Ka-Wei Lee (Eds.), ACM, 1386\u20131394. DOI: 10.1145\/3589334.3645424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","first-page":"4513","volume-title":"29th International Conference on International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Liu Zhuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhuang Liu, Degen Huang, Kaiyu Huang, Zhuang Li, and Zhao Jun. 2021. Finbert: A pre-trained financial language representation model for financial text mining. In 29th International Conference on International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence, 4513\u20134519."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","unstructured":"Tom Lotze Stefan Klut Mohammad Aliannejadi and Evangelos Kanoulas. 2021. Ranking clarifying questions based on predicted user engagement. arXiv:2103.06192. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.06192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","first-page":"389","volume-title":"European Conference on Information Retrieval","author":"Lu Lili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lili Lu, Chuan Meng, Federico Ravenda, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Fabio Crestani. 2025. Zero-shot and efficient clarification need prediction in conversational search. In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 389\u2013404."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","unstructured":"Xing Han Lu Siva Reddy and Harm de Vries. 2023. The StatCan dialogue dataset: Retrieving data tables through conversations with genuine intents. arXiv:2304.01412. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.01412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","first-page":"9","volume-title":"48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Lupart Simon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simon Lupart, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Evangelos Kanoulas. 2025. DiSCo: LLM knowledge distillation for efficient sparse retrieval in conversational search. In 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 9\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","unstructured":"Xinbei Ma Yeyun Gong Pengcheng He Hai Zhao and Nan Duan. 2023. Query rewriting for retrieval-augmented large language models. arXiv:2305.14283. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.14283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","first-page":"10572","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923)","author":"Ma Yubo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yubo Ma, Yixin Cao, Yong Hong, and Aixin Sun. 2023. Large language model is not a good few-shot information extractor, but a good reranker for hard samples! In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923). Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 10572\u201310601. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2023.FINDINGS-EMNLP.710"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","unstructured":"Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder Sudha Rao Michel Galley and Julian J. McAuley. 2021. Ask what\u2019s missing and what\u2019s useful: Improving clarification question generation using global knowledge. arXiv:2104.06828. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2104.06828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","first-page":"149","volume-title":"2023 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201923)","author":"Mansouri Behrooz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Behrooz Mansouri and Zahra Jahedibashiz. 2023. Clarifying questions in math information retrieval. In 2023 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201923). Masaharu Yoshioka, Julia Kiseleva, and Mohammad Aliannejadi (Eds.), ACM, 149\u2013158. DOI: 10.1145\/3578337.3605123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","unstructured":"Kelong Mao Chenlong Deng Haonan Chen Fengran Mo Zheng Liu Tetsuya Sakai and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. ChatRetriever: Adapting large language models for generalized and robust conversational dense retrieval. arXiv:2404.13556. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.13556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","unstructured":"Kelong Mao Zhicheng Dou Haonan Chen Fengran Mo and Hongjin Qian. 2023. Large language models know your contextual search intent: A prompting framework for conversational search. arXiv:2303.06573. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.06573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","first-page":"4160","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923)","author":"Mao Kelong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelong Mao, Zhicheng Dou, Bang Liu, Hongjin Qian, Fengran Mo, Xiangli Wu, Xiaohua Cheng, and Zhao Cao. 2023. Search-oriented conversational query editing. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923). Anna Rogers, Jordan L. Boyd-Graber, and Naoaki Okazaki (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 4160\u20134172. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","first-page":"176","volume-title":"45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201922)","author":"Mao Kelong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelong Mao, Zhicheng Dou, and Hongjin Qian. 2022. Curriculum contrastive context denoising for few-shot conversational dense retrieval. In 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201922). Enrique Amig\u00f3, Pablo Castells, Julio Gonzalo, Ben Carterette, J. Shane Culpepper, and Gabriella Kazai (Eds.), ACM, 176\u2013186. DOI: 10.1145\/3477495.3531961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","first-page":"2935","volume-title":"2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Mao Kelong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelong Mao, Zhicheng Dou, Hongjin Qian, Fengran Mo, Xiaohua Cheng, and Zhao Cao. 2022. ConvTrans: Transforming web search sessions for conversational dense retrieval. In 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922). Yoav Goldberg, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Yue Zhang (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 2935\u20132946. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.190"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","first-page":"3193","volume-title":"ACM Web Conference 2023 (WWW \u201923)","author":"Mao Kelong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelong Mao, Hongjin Qian, Fengran Mo, Zhicheng Dou, Bang Liu, Xiaohua Cheng, and Zhao Cao. 2023. Learning denoised and interpretable session representation for conversational search. In ACM Web Conference 2023 (WWW \u201923). Ying Ding, Jie Tang, Juan F. Sequeda, Lora Aroyo, Carlos Castillo, and Geert-Jan Houben (Eds.), ACM, 3193\u20133202. DOI: 10.1145\/3543507.3583265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yosi Mass Doron Cohen Asaf Yehudai and David Konopnicki. 2021. Conversational search with mixed-initiative \u2013 Asking good clarification questions backed-up by passage retrieval. arXiv:2112.07308. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.07308","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.dialdoc-1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ida Mele Cristina Ioana Muntean Franco Maria Nardini Raffaele Perego Nicola Tonellotto and Ophir Frieder. 2020. Topic propagation in conversational search. arXiv:2004.14054. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.14054","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","first-page":"3077","volume-title":"47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Meng Chuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuan Meng. 2024. Query performance prediction for conversational search and beyond. In 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 3077\u20133077."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","first-page":"1807","volume-title":"32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923)","author":"Meng Chuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuan Meng, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Maarten de Rijke. 2023. System initiative prediction for multi-turn conversational information seeking. In 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201923). Ingo Frommholz, Frank Hopfgartner, Mark Lee, Michael Oakes, Mounia Lalmas, Min Zhang, and Rodrygo L. T. Santos (Eds.), ACM, 1807\u20131817. DOI: 10.1145\/3583780.3615070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","first-page":"2583","volume-title":"46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923)","author":"Meng Chuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chuan Meng, Negar Arabzadeh, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Maarten de Rijke. 2023. Query performance prediction: From ad-hoc to conversational search. In 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201923). Hsin-Hsi Chen, Wei-Jou (Edward) Duh, Hen-Hsen Huang, Makoto P. Kato, Josiane Mothe, and Barbara Poblete (Eds.), ACM, 2583\u20132593. DOI: 10.1145\/3539618.3591919"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3736402","article-title":"Query performance prediction using relevance judgments generated by large language models","volume":"43","author":"Meng Chuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chuan Meng, Negar Arabzadeh, Arian Askari, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Maarten de Rijke. 2025. Query performance prediction using relevance judgments generated by large language models. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 43, 4 (2025), 1\u201335.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","volume-title":"48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Meng Chuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chuan Meng, Francesco Tonolini, Fengran Mo, Nikolaos Aletras, Emine Yilmaz, and Gabriella Kazai. 2025. Bridging the gap: From ad-hoc to proactive search in conversations. In 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","first-page":"6936","volume-title":"63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Mo Fengran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fengran Mo, Yifan Gao, Chuan Meng, Xin Liu, Zhuofeng Wu, Kelong Mao, Zhengyang Wang, Pei Chen, Zheng Li, Xian Li, et al. 2025. UniConv: Unifying retrieval and response generation for large language models in conversations. In 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 6936\u20136949."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Abbas Ghaddar Kelong Mao Mehdi Rezagholizadeh Boxing Chen Qun Liu and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. CHIQ: Contextual history enhancement for improving query rewriting in conversational search. arXiv:2406.05013. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.05013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Kelong Mao Yutao Zhu Yihong Wu Kaiyu Huang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2023. ConvGQR: Generative query reformulation for conversational search. arXiv:2305.15645. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.15645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","first-page":"4094","volume-title":"48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Mo Fengran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fengran Mo, Chuan Meng, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Jian-Yun Nie. 2025. Conversational search: From fundamentals to frontiers in the LLM era. In 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 4094\u20134097."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Jian-Yun Nie Kaiyu Huang Kelong Mao Yutao Zhu Peng Li and Yang Liu. 2023. Learning to relate to previous turns in conversational search. arXiv:2306.02553. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.02553"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","first-page":"1722","volume-title":"29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD \u201923)","author":"Mo Fengran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fengran Mo, Jian-Yun Nie, Kaiyu Huang, Kelong Mao, Yutao Zhu, Peng Li, and Yang Liu. 2023. Learning to relate to previous turns in conversational search. In 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD \u201923). Ambuj K. Singh, Yizhou Sun, Leman Akoglu, Dimitrios Gunopulos, Xifeng Yan, Ravi Kumar, Fatma Ozcan, and Jieping Ye (Eds.), ACM, 1722\u20131732. DOI: 10.1145\/3580305.3599411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Chen Qu Kelong Mao Yihong Wu Zhan Su Kaiyu Huang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. Aligning query representation with rewritten query and relevance judgments in conversational search. arXiv:2407.20189. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.20189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Chen Qu Kelong Mao Tianyu Zhu Zhan Su Kaiyu Huang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. History-aware conversational dense retrieval. arXiv:2401.16659. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.16659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Bole Yi Kelong Mao Chen Qu Kaiyu Huang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. ConvSDG: Session data generation for conversational search. arXiv:2403.11335. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2403.11335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","unstructured":"Fengran Mo Longxiang Zhao Kaiyu Huang Yue Dong Degen Huang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. How to leverage personal textual knowledge for personalized conversational information retrieval. arXiv:2407.16192. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.16192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","unstructured":"Fangwen Mu Lin Shi Song Wang Zhuohao Yu Binquan Zhang Chenxue Wang Shichao Liu and Qing Wang. 2023. ClarifyGPT: Empowering LLM-based code generation with intention clarification. arXiv:2310.10996. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.10996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","unstructured":"Reiichiro Nakano Jacob Hilton Suchir Balaji Jeff Wu Long Ouyang Christina Kim Christopher Hesse Shantanu Jain Vineet Kosaraju William Saunders et al. 2021. WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback. arXiv:2112.09332. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.09332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.dialdoc-1.4","volume-title":"2nd DialDoc Workshop on Document-Grounded Dialogue and Conversational Question Answering (DialDoc@ACL \u201922)","author":"Nakano Yuya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuya Nakano, Seiya Kawano, Koichiro Yoshino, Katsuhito Sudoh, and Satoshi Nakamura. 2022. Pseudo ambiguous and clarifying questions based on sentence structures toward clarifying question answering system. In 2nd DialDoc Workshop on Document-Grounded Dialogue and Conversational Question Answering (DialDoc@ACL \u201922). Song Feng, Hui Wan, Caixia Yuan, and Han Yu (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 31\u201340. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2022.dialdoc-1.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","unstructured":"Shiyu Ni Keping Bi Jiafeng Guo and Xueqi Cheng. 2023. A comparative study of training objectives for clarification facet generation. arXiv:2310.00703. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.00703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira and Kyunghyun Cho. 2017. Task-oriented query reformulation with reinforcement learning. arXiv:1704.04572. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1704.04572","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. GPT-4 technical report. arXiv:2303.08774. Retrieved from https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2303.08774"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","volume-title":"31st Text Retrieval Conference, (TREC \u201922)","author":"Owoicho Paul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paul Owoicho, Jeff Dalton, Mohammad Aliannejadi, Leif Azzopardi, Johanne R. Trippas, and Svitlana Vakulenko. 2022. TREC CAsT 2022: Going beyond user ask and system retrieve with initiative and response generation. In 31st Text Retrieval Conference, (TREC \u201922). Ian Soboroff and Angela Ellis (Eds.), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved from https:\/\/trec.nist.gov\/pubs\/trec31\/papers\/Overview_cast.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Owoicho Ivan Sekulic Mohammad Aliannejadi Jeffrey Dalton and Fabio Crestani. 2023. Exploiting simulated user feedback for conversational search: Ranking Rewriting and Beyond. arXiv:2304.13874. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.13874","DOI":"10.1145\/3539618.3591683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","unstructured":"Zhenyu Pan Haozheng Luo Manling Li and Han Liu. 2024. Conv-CoA: Improving open-domain question answering in large language models via conversational chain-of-action. arXiv:2405.17822. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.17822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","unstructured":"Gustavo Penha Alexandru Balan and Claudia Hauff. 2019. Introducing MANtIS: A novel multi-domain information seeking dialogues dataset. arXiv:1912.04639. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.04639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","volume-title":"Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Preece Jenny","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jenny Preece, Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp, David Benyon, Simon Holland, and Tom Carey. 1994. Human-Computer Interaction. Addison-Wesley Longman Ltd."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","first-page":"11253","volume-title":"61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923)","author":"Pyatkin Valentina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valentina Pyatkin, Jena D. Hwang, Vivek Srikumar, Ximing Lu, Liwei Jiang, Yejin Choi, and Chandra Bhagavatula. 2023. ClarifyDelphi: Reinforced clarification questions with defeasibility rewards for social and moral situations. In 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL \u201923). Anna Rogers, Jordan L. Boyd-Graber, and Naoaki Okazaki (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 11253\u201311271. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.311","volume-title":"2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Qian Hongjin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hongjin Qian and Zhicheng Dou. 2022. Explicit query rewriting for conversational dense retrieval. In 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, (EMNLP \u201922). Yoav Goldberg, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Yue Zhang (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 4725\u20134737. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","unstructured":"Hongjin Qian Peitian Zhang Zheng Liu Kelong Mao and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. MemoRAG: Moving towards Next-Gen RAG via memory-inspired knowledge discovery. arXiv:2409.05591. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2409.05591"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","unstructured":"Hongjing Qian Yutao Zhu Zhicheng Dou Haoqi Gu Xinyu Zhang Zheng Liu Ruofei Lai Zhao Cao Jian-Yun Nie and Ji-Rong Wen. 2023. WebBrain: Learning to generate factually correct articles for queries by grounding on large web corpus. arXiv:2304.04358. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.04358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","unstructured":"Chen Qu Liu Yang Cen Chen Minghui Qiu W. Bruce Croft and Mohit Iyyer. 2020. Open-retrieval conversational question answering. arXiv:2005.11364. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","unstructured":"Liu Chen Qu Cen Chen Yang Minghui Qiu W. Bruce Croft and Mohit Iyyer. 2020. Open-retrieval conversational question answering. arXiv:2005.11364. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","unstructured":"Chen Qu Liu Yang W. Bruce Croft Johanne R. Trippas Yongfeng Zhang and Minghui Qiu. 2018. Analyzing and characterizing user intent in information-seeking conversations. arXiv:1804.08759. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.08759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","unstructured":"Chen Qu Liu Yang Minghui Qiu Yongfeng Zhang Cen Chen W. Bruce Croft and Mohit Iyyer. 2019. Attentive history selection for conversational question answering. arXiv:1908.09456. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1908.09456"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","unstructured":"Yingqi Qu Yuchen Ding Jing Liu Kai Liu Ruiyang Ren Xin Zhao Daxiang Dong Hua Wu and Haifeng Wang. 2020. RocketQA: An optimized training approach to dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering. arXiv:2010.08191. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.08191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1145\/3020165.3020183","volume-title":"2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR \u201917)","author":"Radlinski Filip","year":"2017","unstructured":"Filip Radlinski and Nick Craswell. 2017. A theoretical framework for conversational search. In 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (CHIIR \u201917). Ragnar Nordlie, Nils Pharo, Luanne Freund, Birger Larsen, and Dan Russel (Eds.), ACM, 117\u2013126. DOI: 10.1145\/3020165.3020183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","unstructured":"Colin Raffel Noam Shazeer Adam Roberts Katherine Lee Sharan Narang Michael Matena Yanqi Zhou Wei Li and Peter J. Liu. 2019. Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer. arXiv:1910.10683. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.10683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","unstructured":"Hossein A. Rahmani Xi Wang Mohammad Aliannejadi Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei and Emine Yilmaz. 2024. Clarifying the path to user satisfaction: An investigation into clarification usefulness. arXiv:2402.01934. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.01934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudha Rao and Hal Daum\u00e9 III. 2018. Learning to ask good questions: Ranking clarification questions using neural expected value of perfect information. arXiv:1805.04655. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1805.04655","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","unstructured":"Sudha Rao and Hal Daum\u00e9 III. 2019. Answer-based adversarial training for generating clarification questions. arXiv:1904.02281. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1904.02281"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3432726","article-title":"Conversations with search engines: SERP-based conversational response generation","volume":"39","author":"Ren Pengjie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pengjie Ren, Zhumin Chen, Zhaochun Ren, Evangelos Kanoulas, Christof Monz, and Maarten de Rijke. 2021. Conversations with search engines: SERP-based conversational response generation. ACM Transactions on Information System 39, 4 (2021), 47:1\u201347:29. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3432726","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information System"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","unstructured":"Pengjie Ren Zhongkun Liu Xiaomeng Song Hongtao Tian Zhumin Chen Zhaochun Ren and Maarten de Rijke. 2021. Wizard of search engine: Access to information through conversations with search engines. arXiv:2105.08301. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.08301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","unstructured":"Joshua Robinson Ching-Yao Chuang Suvrit Sra and Stefanie Jegelka. 2020. arXiv:2010.04592 Contrastive learning with hard negative samples. arXiv:2010.04592. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.04592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alireza Salemi and Hamed Zamani. 2024. Evaluating retrieval quality in retrieval-augmented generation. arXiv:2404.13781. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.13781","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","first-page":"587","volume-title":"43rd European Conference on IR Research (ECIR \u201921)Lecture Notes in Computer Science","volume":"12656","author":"Salle Alexandre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alexandre Salle, Shervin Malmasi, Oleg Rokhlenko, and Eugene Agichtein. 2021. Studying the effectiveness of conversational search refinement through user simulation. In 43rd European Conference on IR Research (ECIR \u201921). Djoerd Hiemstra, Marie-Francine Moens, Josiane Mothe, Raffaele Perego, Martin Potthast, and Fabrizio Sebastiani (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12656, Springer, 587\u2013602. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_209_2","first-page":"43","volume-title":"2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201922)","author":"Samarinas Chris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chris Samarinas, Arkin Dharawat, and Hamed Zamani. 2022. Revisiting open domain query facet extraction and generation. In 2022 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201922). Fabio Crestani, Gabriella Pasi, and \u00c9ric Gaussier (Eds.), ACM, 43\u201350. DOI: 10.1145\/3539813.3545138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chris Samarinas and Hamed Zamani. 2024. ProCIS: A benchmark for proactive retrieval in conversations. arXiv:2405.06460. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.06460","DOI":"10.1145\/3626772.3657869"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_211_2","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023, (NeurIPS \u201923)","author":"Schick Timo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dess\u00ec, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom. 2023. Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023, (NeurIPS \u201923). Alice Oh, Tristan Naumann, Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, and Sergey Levine (Eds.), Retrieved from https:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2023\/hash\/d842425e4bf79ba039352da0f658a906-Abstract-Conference.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_212_2","unstructured":"Phillip Schneider Wessel Poelman Michael Rovatsos and Florian Matthes. 2024. Engineering conversational search systems: A review of applications architectures and functional components. arXiv:2407.00997. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.00997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_213_2","first-page":"167","volume-title":"2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201921)","author":"Sekulic Ivan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivan Sekulic, Mohammad Aliannejadi, and Fabio Crestani. 2021. Towards facet-driven generation of clarifying questions for conversational search. In 2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR \u201921). Faegheh Hasibi, Yi Fang, and Akiko Aizawa (Eds.), ACM, 167\u2013175. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3471158.3472257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan Sekulic Mohammad Aliannejadi and Fabio Crestani. 2021. User engagement prediction for clarification in search. arXiv:2102.04163. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.04163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72113-8_41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan Sekulic Mohammad Aliannejadi and Fabio Crestani. 2022. Evaluating mixed-initiative conversational search systems via user simulation. arXiv:2204.08046. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.08046","DOI":"10.1145\/3488560.3498440"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan Sekulic Weronika Lajewska Krisztian Balog and Fabio Crestani. 2024. Estimating the usefulness of clarifying questions and answers for conversational search. arXiv:2401.11463. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2401.11463","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-56063-7_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suraj Sharma Joseph Brennan and Jason R. C. Nurse. 2021. StockBabble: A conversational financial agent to support stock market investors. arXiv:2106.08298. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.08298","DOI":"10.1145\/3469595.3469620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_218_2","unstructured":"Zhengxiang Shi Yue Feng and Aldo Lipani. 2022. Learning to execute actions or ask clarification questions. arXiv:2204.08373. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2204.08373"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_219_2","first-page":"1028","volume-title":"59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL\/IJCNLP \u201921)","author":"Siblini Wissam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wissam Siblini, Baris Sayil, and Yacine Kessaci. 2021. Towards a more robust evaluation for conversational question answering. In 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (ACL\/IJCNLP \u201921). Chengqing Zong, Fei Xia, Wenjie Li, and Roberto Navigli (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 1028\u20131034. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-short.130"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/raju.12114","article-title":"Conversational implicatures and legal texts","volume":"29","author":"Slocum Brian G.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brian G. Slocum. 2016. Conversational implicatures and legal texts. Ratio Juris 29, 1 (2016), 23\u201343.","journal-title":"Ratio Juris"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_221_2","unstructured":"Hao Sun Hengyi Cai Bo Wang Yingyan Hou Xiaochi Wei Shuaiqiang Wang Yan Zhang and Dawei Yin. 2023. Towards verifiable text generation with evolving memory and self-reflection. arXiv:2312.09075. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.09075"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20495","article-title":"Corpus-based cross-language information retrieval in retrieval of highly relevant documents","volume":"58","author":"Talvensaari Tuomas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tuomas Talvensaari, Martti Juhola, Jorma Laurikkala, and Kalervo J\u00e4rvelin. 2007. Corpus-based cross-language information retrieval in retrieval of highly relevant documents. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58, 3 (2007), 322\u2013334. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.20495","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_223_2","first-page":"336","volume-title":"6th IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC \u201912)","author":"Tannebaum Wolfgang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wolfgang Tannebaum and Andreas Rauber. 2012. Acquiring lexical knowledge from query logs for query expansion in patent searching. In 6th IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC \u201912). IEEE Computer Society, 336\u2013338. DOI: 10.1109\/ICSC.2012.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_224_2","first-page":"3253","volume-title":"29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201920)","author":"Tavakoli Leila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leila Tavakoli. 2020. Generating clarifying questions in conversational search systems. In 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201920). Mathieu d\u2019Aquin, Stefan Dietze, Claudia Hauff, Edward Curry, and Philippe Cudr\u00e9-Mauroux (Eds.), ACM, 3253\u20133256. DOI: 10.1145\/3340531.3418513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leila Tavakoli Johanne R. Trippas Hamed Zamani Falk Scholer and Mark Sanderson. 2022. MIMICS-Duo: Offline & online evaluation of search clarification. arXiv:2206.04417. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2206.04417","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531750"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24562","article-title":"Analyzing clarification in asynchronous information-seeking conversations","volume":"73","author":"Tavakoli Leila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leila Tavakoli, Hamed Zamani, Falk Scholer, William Bruce Croft, and Mark Sanderson. 2022. Analyzing clarification in asynchronous information-seeking conversations. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 73, 3 (2022), 449\u2013471. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/asi.24562","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberto Testoni and Raquel Fern\u00e1ndez. 2024. Asking the right question at the right time: Human and model uncertainty guidance to ask clarification questions. arXiv:2402.06509. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.06509","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.eacl-long.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_228_2","unstructured":"Romal Thoppilan Daniel De Freitas Jamie Hall Noam Shazeer Apoorv Kulshreshtha Heng-Tze Cheng Alicia Jin Taylor Bos Leslie Baker Yu Du et al. 2022. LaMDA: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv:2201.08239. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2201.08239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shubo Tian Qiao Jin Lana Yeganova Po-Ting Lai Qingqing Zhu Xiuying Chen Yifan Yang Qingyu Chen Won Kim Donald C. Comeau et al. 2023. Opportunities and challenges for ChatGPT and large language models in biomedicine and health. arXiv:2306.10070. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2306.10070","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbad493"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_230_2","unstructured":"Augustin Toma Patrick R. Lawler Jimmy Ba Rahul G. Krishnan Barry B. Rubin and Bo Wang. 2023. Clinical camel: An open-source expert-level medical language model with dialogue-based knowledge encoding. arXiv:2305.12031. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.12031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_231_2","first-page":"2974","volume-title":"30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201921)","author":"Del Tredici Marco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marco Del Tredici, Gianni Barlacchi, Xiaoyu Shen, Weiwei Cheng, and Adri\u00e0 de Gispert. 2021. Question rewriting for open-domain conversational QA: Best practices and limitations. In 30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM \u201921). Gianluca Demartini, Guido Zuccon, J. Shane Culpepper, Zi Huang, and Hanghang Tong (Eds.), ACM, 2974\u20132978. DOI: 10.1145\/3459637.3482164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jan Trienes and Krisztian Balog. 2019. Identifying unclear questions in community question answering websites. arXiv:1901.06168. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1901.06168","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15712-8_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_233_2","first-page":"2260","volume-title":"33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","author":"Trippas Johanne R.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johanne R. Trippas, Luke Gallagher, and Joel Mackenzie. 2024. Re-evaluating the command-and-control paradigm in conversational search interactions. In 33rd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 2260\u20132270."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1145\/3020165.3022144","volume-title":"2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","author":"Trippas Johanne R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johanne R. Trippas, Damiano Spina, Lawrence Cavedon, and Mark Sanderson. 2017. How do people interact in conversational speech-only search tasks: A preliminary analysis. In 2017 Conference on Conference Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, 325\u2013328."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_235_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Information Access in the Era of Generative AI","author":"Trippas Johanne R.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johanne R. Trippas, Damiano Spina, and Falk Scholer.2024. Adapting generative information retrieval systems to users, tasks, and scenarios. In Information Access in the Era of Generative AI. Springer, 73\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_236_2","volume-title":"ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","author":"Trippas Johanne R.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johanne R. Trippas, Oleg Zendel, and Adam Roegiest. 2025. Applying large language models to interactive information retrieval: A practical exploration. In ACM SIGIR Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_237_2","unstructured":"Logesh Kumar Umapathi Ankit Pal and Malaikannan Sankarasubbu. 2023. Med-HALT: Medical domain hallucination test for large language models. arXiv:2307.15343. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2307.15343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_238_2","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko Shayne Longpre Zhucheng Tu and Raviteja Anantha. 2020. Question rewriting for conversational question answering. arXiv:2004.14652. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.14652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_239_2","unstructured":"Svitlana Vakulenko Nikos Voskarides Zhucheng Tu and Shayne Longpre. 2021. A comparison of question rewriting methods for conversational passage retrieval. arXiv:2101.07382. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2101.07382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_240_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikos Voskarides Dan Li Pengjie Ren Evangelos Kanoulas and Maarten de Rijke. 2020. Query resolution for conversational search with limited supervision. arXiv:2005.11723. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.11723","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiayin Wang Fengran Mo Weizhi Ma Peijie Sun Min Zhang and Jian-Yun Nie. 2024. A user-centric benchmark for evaluating large language models. arXiv:2404.13940. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.13940","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_243_2","unstructured":"Junda Wang Zhichao Yang Zonghai Yao and Hong Yu. 2024. JMLR: Joint medical LLM and retrieval training for enhancing reasoning and professional question answering capability. arXiv:2402.17887. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.17887"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_244_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang Wang Nan Yang and Furu Wei. 2023. Query2doc: Query expansion with large language models. arXiv:2303.07678. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2303.07678","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_245_2","unstructured":"Shuting Wang Xin Yu Mang Wang Weipeng Chen Yutao Zhu and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. RichRAG: Crafting rich responses for multi-faceted queries in retrieval-augmented generation. arXiv:2406.12566. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2406.12566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_246_2","unstructured":"Xiao Wang Sean MacAvaney Craig Macdonald and Iadh Ounis. 2023. Generative query reformulation for effective adhoc search. arXiv:2308.00415. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.00415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_247_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiaolei Wang Xinyu Tang Wayne Xin Zhao Jingyuan Wang and Ji-Rong Wen. 2023. Rethinking the evaluation for conversational recommendation in the era of large language models. arXiv:2305.13112. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2305.13112","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.621"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_248_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3507357","article-title":"Simulating and modeling the risk of conversational search","volume":"40","author":"Wang Zhenduo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhenduo Wang and Qingyao Ai. 2022. Simulating and modeling the risk of conversational search. ACM Transactions on Information System 40, 4 (2022), 85:1\u201385:33. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3507357","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information System"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_249_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhenduo Wang Yuancheng Tu Corby Rosset Nick Craswell Ming Wu and Qingyao Ai. 2023. Zero-shot clarifying question generation for conversational search. arXiv:2301.12660. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2301.12660","DOI":"10.1145\/3543507.3583420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_250_2","unstructured":"Zhenduo Wang Zhichao Xu Qingyao Ai and Vivek Srikumar. 2023. An in-depth investigation of user response simulation for conversational search. arXiv:2304.07944. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.07944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_251_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julia White Gabriel Poesia Robert X. D. Hawkins Dorsa Sadigh and Noah D. Goodman. 2021. Open-domain clarification question generation without question examples. arXiv:2110.09779. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2110.09779","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_252_2","unstructured":"Qingyun Wu Gagan Bansal Jieyu Zhang Yiran Wu Shaokun Zhang Erkang Zhu Beibin Li Li Jiang Xiaoyun Zhang and Chi Wang. 2023. AutoGen: Enabling next-gen LLM applications via multi-agent conversation framework. arXiv:2308.08155. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.08155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_253_2","unstructured":"Siye Wu Jian Xie Jiangjie Chen Tinghui Zhu Kai Zhang and Yanghua Xiao. 2024. How easily do irrelevant inputs skew the responses of large language models? arXiv:2404.03302. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2404.03302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_254_2","unstructured":"Zeqiu Wu Yi Luan Hannah Rashkin David Reitter and Gaurav Singh Tomar. 2021. CONQRR: Conversational query rewriting for retrieval with reinforcement learning. arXiv:2112.08558. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2112.08558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_255_2","unstructured":"Zeqiu Wu Ryu Parish Hao Cheng Sewon Min Prithviraj Ammanabrolu Mari Ostendorf and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2022. INSCIT: Information-seeking conversations with mixed-initiative interactions. arXiv:2207.00746. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2207.00746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_256_2","unstructured":"Zhiheng Xi Wenxiang Chen Xin Guo Wei He Yiwen Ding Boyang Hong Ming Zhang Junzhe Wang Senjie Jin Enyu Zhou et al. 2023. The rise and potential of large language model based agents. A Survey. arXiv:2309.07864. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2309.07864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_257_2","first-page":"148","volume-title":"2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922)","author":"Xia Fei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fei Xia, Bin Li, Yixuan Weng, Shizhu He, Kang Liu, Bin Sun, Shutao Li, and Jun Zhao. 2022. MedConQA: Medical conversational question answering system based on knowledge graphs. In 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP \u201922). Wanxiang Che and Ekaterina Shutova (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 148\u2013158. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2022.EMNLP-DEMOS.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_258_2","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023 (NeurIPS \u201923)","author":"Xie Qianqian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qianqian Xie, Weiguang Han, Xiao Zhang, Yanzhao Lai, Min Peng, Alejandro Lopez-Lira, and Jimin Huang. 2023. PIXIU: A comprehensive benchmark, instruction dataset and large language model for finance. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2023 (NeurIPS \u201923). Alice Oh, Tristan Naumann, Amir Globerson, Kate Saenko, Moritz Hardt, and Sergey Levine (Eds.), Retrieved from https:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper_files\/paper\/2023\/hash\/6a386d703b50f1cf1f61ab02a15967bb-Abstract-Datasets_and_Benchmarks.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_259_2","unstructured":"Fangyuan Xu Weijia Shi and Eunsol Choi. 2023. RECOMP: Improving retrieval-augmented LMs with compression and selective augmentation. arXiv:2310.04408. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.04408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_260_2","first-page":"1618","volume-title":"2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919)","author":"Xu Jingjing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jingjing Xu, Yuechen Wang, Duyu Tang, Nan Duan, Pengcheng Yang, Qi Zeng, Ming Zhou, and Xu Sun. 2019. Asking clarification questions in knowledge-based question answering. In 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP \u201919). Kentaro Inui, Jing Jiang, Vincent Ng, and Xiaojun Wan (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 1618\u20131629. DOI: 10.18653\/v1\/D19-1172"},{"issue":"14732","key":"e_1_3_2_261_2","article-title":"Search-in-the-chain: Towards the accurate, credible and traceable content generation for complex knowledge-intensive tasks","volume":"2304","author":"Xu Shicheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shicheng Xu, Liang Pang, Huawei Shen, Xueqi Cheng, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2023. Search-in-the-chain: Towards the accurate, credible and traceable content generation for complex knowledge-intensive tasks. arXiv:2304.14732. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2304.14732","journal-title":"arXiv:"},{"issue":"2023","key":"e_1_3_2_262_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2022.101468","article-title":"Goal-oriented conditional variational autoencoders for proactive and knowledge-aware conversational recommender system","volume":"79","author":"Yan Cen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cen Yan, Jun Bai, Yanmeng Wang, Wenge Rong, Yuanxin Ouyang, and Zhang Xiong. 2023. Goal-oriented conditional variational autoencoders for proactive and knowledge-aware conversational recommender system. Computer Speech & Language 79 (2023), 101468. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csl.2022.101468","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_263_2","first-page":"5251","volume-title":"32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI \u201923)","author":"Yan Sitong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sitong Yan, Shengli Song, Jingyang Li, Shiqi Meng, and Guangneng Hu. 2023. TITAN: Task-oriented dialogues with mixed-initiative interactions. In 32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI \u201923), 5251\u20135259. DOI: 10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_264_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haoyan Yang Zhitao Li Yong Zhang Jianzong Wang Ning Cheng Ming Li and Jing Xiao. 2023. PRCA: Fitting black-box large language models for retrieval question answering via pluggable reward-driven contextual adapter. arXiv:2310.18347. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.18347","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_265_2","unstructured":"Songhua Yang Hanjie Zhao Senbin Zhu Guangyu Zhou Hongfei Xu Yuxiang Jia and Hongying Zan. 2023. Zhongjing: Enhancing the Chinese medical capabilities of large language model through expert feedback and real-world multi-turn dialogue. arXiv:2308.03549. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.03549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_266_2","unstructured":"Fanghua Ye Meng Fang Shenghui Li and Emine Yilmaz. 2023. Enhancing conversational search: Large language model-aided informative query rewriting. arXiv:2310.09716. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.09716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_267_2","first-page":"2301","volume-title":"47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201924)","author":"Ye Linhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Linhao Ye, Zhikai Lei, Jianghao Yin, Qin Chen, Jie Zhou, and Liang He. 2024. Boosting conversational question answering with fine-grained retrieval-augmentation and self-check. In 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201924). Grace Hui Yang, Hongning Wang, Sam Han, Claudia Hauff, Guido Zuccon, and Yi Zhang (Eds.), ACM, 2301\u20132305. DOI: 10.1145\/3626772.3657980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_268_2","unstructured":"Chanwoong Yoon Gangwoo Kim Byeongguk Jeon Sungdong Kim Yohan Jo and Jaewoo Kang. 2024. Ask optimal questions: Aligning large language models with retriever\u2019s preference in conversational search. arXiv:2402.11827. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.11827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_269_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Yu Jiahua Liu Jingqin Yang Chenyan Xiong Paul N. Bennett Jianfeng Gao and Zhiyuan Liu. 2020. Few-shot generative conversational query rewriting. arXiv:2006.05009. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.05009","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_270_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Yu Jiahua Liu Jingqin Yang Chenyan Xiong Paul N. Bennett Jianfeng Gao and Zhiyuan Liu. 2020. Few-shot generative conversational query rewriting. arXiv:2006.05009. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.05009","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_271_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi Yu Zhenghao Liu Chenyan Xiong Tao Feng and Zhiyuan Liu. 2021. Few-shot conversational dense retrieval. arXiv:2105.04166. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.04166","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_272_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yifei Yuan Clemencia Siro Mohammad Aliannejadi Maarten de Rijke and Wai Lam. 2024. Asking multimodal clarifying questions in mixed-initiative conversational search. arXiv:2402.07742. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2402.07742","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_273_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380126","volume-title":"The Web Conference 2020 (WWW \u201920)","author":"Zamani Hamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamed Zamani, Susan T. Dumais, Nick Craswell, Paul N. Bennett, and Gord Lueck. 2020. Generating clarifying questions for information retrieval. In The Web Conference 2020 (WWW \u201920). Yennun Huang, Irwin King, Tie-Yan Liu, and Maarten van Steen (Eds.), ACM\/IW3C2, 418\u2013428. DOI: 10.1145\/3366423.3380126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_274_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed Zamani Gord Lueck Everest Chen Rodolfo Quispe Flint Luu and Nick Craswell. 2020. MIMICS: A large-scale data collection for search clarification. arXiv:2006.10174. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.10174","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_275_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed Zamani Bhaskar Mitra Everest Chen Gord Lueck Fernando Diaz Paul N. Bennett Nick Craswell and Susan T. Dumais. 2020. Analyzing and learning from user interactions for search clarification. arXiv:2006.00166. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.00166","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401160"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_276_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000081","article-title":"Conversational information seeking","volume":"17","author":"Zamani Hamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamed Zamani, Johanne R. Trippas, Jeff Dalton, and Filip Radlinski. 2023. Conversational information seeking. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval 17, 3\u20134 (2023), 244\u2013456. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/1500000081","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Information Retrieval"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_277_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645676","volume-title":"ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924)","author":"Zamiri Mona","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mona Zamiri, Yao Qiang, Fedor Nikolaev, Dongxiao Zhu, and Alexander Kotov. 2024. Benchmark and neural architecture for conversational entity retrieval from a knowledge graph. In ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924). Tat-Seng Chua, Chong-Wah Ngo, Ravi Kumar, Hady W. Lauw, and Roy Ka-Wei Lee (Eds.), ACM, 1519\u20131528. DOI: 10.1145\/3589334.3645676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_278_2","first-page":"2687","volume-title":"47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","author":"Zhang Erhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erhan Zhang, Xingzhu Wang, Peiyuan Gong, Yankai Lin, and Jiaxin Mao. 2024. Usimagent: Large language models for simulating search users. In 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 2687\u20132692."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_279_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Zhang Yihong Wu Fengran Mo Jian-Yun Nie and Aishwarya Agrawal. 2023. MoqaGPT : Zero-shot multi-modal open-domain question answering with large language model. arXiv:2310.13265. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2310.13265","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_280_2","unstructured":"Peitian Zhang Zheng Liu Shitao Xiao Ninglu Shao Qiwei Ye and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. Compressing lengthy context with UltraGist. arXiv:2405.16635. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2405.16635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_281_2","unstructured":"Weinan Zhang Junwei Liao Ning Li and Kounianhua Du. 2024. Agentic information retrieval. arXiv:2410.09713. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2410.09713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_282_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3512088","volume-title":"ACM Web Conference 2022 (WWW \u201922)","author":"Zhang Yiming","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yiming Zhang, Lingfei Wu, Qi Shen, Yitong Pang, Zhihua Wei, Fangli Xu, Bo Long, and Jian Pei. 2022. Multiple choice questions based multi-interest policy learning for conversational recommendation. In ACM Web Conference 2022 (WWW \u201922). Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Laforest, Rapha\u00ebl Troncy, Elena Simperl, Deepak Agarwal, Aristides Gionis, Ivan Herman, and Lionel M\u00e9dini (Eds.), ACM, 2153\u20132162. DOI: 10.1145\/3485447.3512088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_283_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhiling Zhang and Kenny Q. Zhu. 2021. Diverse and specific clarification question generation with keywords. arXiv:2104.10317. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2104.10317","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_284_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.110069","article-title":"Multi-task learning with graph attention networks for multi-domain task-oriented dialogue systems","volume":"259","author":"Zhao Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Zhao, Lifang Wang, Zejun Jiang, Ronghan Li, Xinyu Lu, and Zhongtian Hu. 2023. Multi-task learning with graph attention networks for multi-domain task-oriented dialogue systems. Knowledge-Based Systems 259 (2023), 110069. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.110069","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_285_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645712","volume-title":"ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924)","author":"Zhao Ziliang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ziliang Zhao and Zhicheng Dou. 2024. Generating multi-turn clarification for web information seeking. In ACM on Web Conference 2024 (WWW \u201924). Tat-Seng Chua, Chong-Wah Ngo, Ravi Kumar, Hady W. Lauw, and Roy Ka-Wei Lee (Eds.), ACM, 1539\u20131548. DOI: 10.1145\/3589334.3645712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_286_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599389","volume-title":"29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD \u201923)","author":"Zhao Ziliang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziliang Zhao, Zhicheng Dou, Yu Guo, Zhao Cao, and Xiaohua Cheng. 2023. Improving search clarification with structured information extracted from search results. In 29th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD \u201923). Ambuj K. Singh, Yizhou Sun, Leman Akoglu, Dimitrios Gunopulos, Xifeng Yan, Ravi Kumar, Fatma Ozcan, and Jieping Ye (Eds.), ACM, 3549\u20133558. DOI: 10.1145\/3580305.3599389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_287_2","first-page":"234","volume-title":"45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201922)","author":"Zhao Ziliang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ziliang Zhao, Zhicheng Dou, Jiaxin Mao, and Ji-Rong Wen. 2022. Generating clarifying questions with web search results. In 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR \u201922). Enrique Amig\u00f3, Pablo Castells, Julio Gonzalo, Ben Carterette, J. Shane Culpepper, and Gabriella Kazai (Eds.), ACM, 234\u2013244. DOI: 10.1145\/3477495.3531981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_288_2","unstructured":"Hongjian Zhou Boyang Gu Xinyu Zou Yiru Li Sam S. Chen Peilin Zhou Junling Liu Yining Hua Chengfeng Mao Xian Wu et al. 2023. A survey of large language models in medicine: Progress application and challenge. arXiv:2311.05112. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2311.05112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_289_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kun Zhou Wayne Xin Zhao Shuqing Bian Yuanhang Zhou Ji-Rong Wen and Jingsong Yu. 2020. Improving conversational recommender systems via knowledge graph based semantic fusion. arXiv:2007.04032. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2007.04032","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3403143"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_290_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kun Zhou Yuanhang Zhou Wayne Xin Zhao Xiaoke Wang and Ji-Rong Wen. 2020. Towards topic-guided conversational recommender system. arXiv:2010.04125. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.04125","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_291_2","unstructured":"Yutao Zhu Huaying Yuan Shuting Wang Jiongnan Liu Wenhan Liu Chenlong Deng Zhicheng Dou and Ji-Rong Wen. 2023. Large language models for information retrieval: A survey. arXiv:2308.07107. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2308.07107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_292_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.590","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923)","author":"Zhuang Shengyao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shengyao Zhuang, Bing Liu, Bevan Koopman, and Guido Zuccon. 2023. Open-source large language models are strong zero-shot query likelihood models for document ranking. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EMNLP \u201923). Houda Bouamor, Juan Pino, and Kalika Bali (Eds.), Association for Computational Linguistics, 8807\u20138817. DOI: 10.18653\/V1\/2023.FINDINGS-EMNLP.590"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3759453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:01:30Z","timestamp":1758250890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3759453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":291,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3759453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3759453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-8188","1558-2868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-8188","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2868","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}