{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:55:25Z","timestamp":1777985725335,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While a fast-growing body of research is concerned with the detrimental consequences of disinformation for democracy, the role of visuals in this context has so far only been discussed superficially. Visuals are expected to amplify the impact of disinformation, but it is rarely specified how, and what exactly distinguishes them from text. This article is one of the first to treat visual disinformation as its own type of falsehood, arguing that it differs from textual disinformation in its\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">production, processing<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">effects<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We suggest that visual disinformation is determined by varying levels of modal richness and manipulative sophistication. Because manipulated visuals are processed differently on a psychological level, they have unique effects on citizens\u2019 behaviours and attitudes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221141648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T09:17:17Z","timestamp":1670836637000},"page":"3696-3713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Visual disinformation in a digital age: A literature synthesis and research agenda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7508-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Weikmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Lecheler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.31.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.14088.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jogss\/ogz058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Barari S Lucas C Munger K et al (2021) Political deepfake videos misinform the public but no more than other fake media. 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