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Environ."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This paper advances in the understanding of motivation in terms of flow in groups from a physiological perspective. We use wearable devices to monitor the heart rate variation during a set of sessions of face-to-face STEAM project-based learning. By using Action Research with mixed-methods design, we observed a set of 28 students in real-world settings during 18 classes and used both customized and commercial tools to analyze data retrieved. Based on the cognitive absorption and motivation obtained from EduFlow-scale-based physiological data, we propose mathematical models to predict the Flow that a group will experience in a teaching\u2013learning session. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the UNIR Ethical Committee (approval code PI 015\/2022). Additionally, the Juvenile Prosecutor's Office of Granada, Spain, was notified about the study's characteristics, purposes, and data collection methods. Legal guardians of participants were thoroughly informed about the research, and informed consent was obtained before participation. Participants were made aware, both orally and in writing, that they could withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason and without facing any negative consequences.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos). Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests, either financial or non-financial, related to this study. Funding This research was supported by the\u00a0Research Institute for Innovation & Technology in Education of UNIR\u00a0(UNIR iTED) by funding the research and the APC and by\u00a0a scholarship from the Doctoral School of UNIR. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, interpretation of results, or writing of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}],"article-number":"22"}}