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(FCT)","award":["2021.07966.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.07966.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methodologies for automatic non-rapid eye movement and cyclic alternating pattern analysis were proposed to examine the signal from one electroencephalogram monopolar derivation for the A phase, cyclic alternating pattern cycles, and cyclic alternating pattern rate assessments. A population composed of subjects free of neurological disorders and subjects diagnosed with sleep-disordered breathing was studied. Parallel classifications were performed for non-rapid eye movement and A phase estimations, examining a one-dimension convolutional neural network (fed with the electroencephalogram signal), a long short-term memory (fed with the electroencephalogram signal or with proposed features), and a feed-forward neural network (fed with proposed features), along with a finite state machine for the cyclic alternating pattern cycle scoring. Two hyper-parameter tuning algorithms were developed to optimize the classifiers. The model with long short-term memory fed with proposed features was found to be the best, with accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 83% and 0.88, respectively, for the A phase classification, while for the non-rapid eye movement estimation, the results were 88% and 0.95, respectively. The cyclic alternating pattern cycle classification accuracy was 79% for the same model, while the cyclic alternating pattern rate percentage error was 22%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e24050688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Heuristic Optimization of Deep and Shallow Classifiers: An Application for Electroencephalogram Cyclic Alternating Pattern Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher School of Technology and Management, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ARDITI\/ITI\/LARSyS), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7677-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh Shanawaz","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ARDITI\/ITI\/LARSyS), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ARDITI\/ITI\/LARSyS), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Morgado-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ARDITI\/ITI\/LARSyS), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G.","family":"Ravelo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ARDITI\/ITI\/LARSyS), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Berry, R., Brooks, R., Gamaldo, C., Harding, S., Lloyd, R., Marcus, C., and Vaughn, B. 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