{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:17Z","timestamp":1760145557015,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wei Fengsi Academician\u2019s Studio Fund","award":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment Fund","award":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503704","42125402","42174183","A392401008","6142403230105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) can strongly modulate middle atmospheric circulation and can be a significant factor for the coupling between the lower atmosphere and the middle atmosphere. GWs are difficult to resolve in global atmospheric models due to their small scale; thus, GW observations play an important role in middle atmospheric studies. The climatology of GW variance and momentum in the low-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region are revealed using multiple meteor radars, which are located at Kunming (25.6\u00b0N, 103.8\u00b0E), Sanya (18.4\u00b0N, 109.6\u00b0E), and Fuke (19.5\u00b0N, 109.1\u00b0E). The climatology and longitudinal variations in GW momentum fluxes and variance over the low-latitude region are reported. The GWs show strong seasonal variations and can greatly control the mesospheric horizontal winds via modulation of the quasi-geostrophic balance and momentum deposition. The different GW activities between Kunming and Sanya\/Fuke are possibly consistent with the unique prevailing surface winds over Kunming and the convective system over the Tibetan Plateau according to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) data, and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. These findings provide insight for better understanding the coupling between the troposphere and mesosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16162870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1722931679000},"page":"2870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Climatology of Gravity Waves over the Low-Latitude Region Estimated by Multiple Meteor Radars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5600-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"Kunming Electro-Magnetic Environment Observation and Research Station, Qujing 655500, China"},{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"Kunming Electro-Magnetic Environment Observation and Research Station, Qujing 655500, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Collaborate Innovation Center of Astronautical Science and Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Jianfei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8371-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Tingdi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Anhui Mengcheng Geophysics National Observation and Research Station, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Yaoyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Zonghua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"Kunming Electro-Magnetic Environment Observation and Research Station, Qujing 655500, China"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"},{"name":"Kunming Electro-Magnetic Environment Observation and Research Station, Qujing 655500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1029\/2001RG000106","article-title":"Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere","volume":"41","author":"Fritts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. 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