{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:56:45Z","timestamp":1760241405476,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is important for rapid initialization of precise point positioning (PPP). Whereas many studies have been limited to Global Positioning System (GPS) alone, there is a strong need to add Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) to the PPP-IAR solution. However, the frequency-division multiplexing of GLONASS signals causes inter-frequency code bias (IFCB) in the receiving equipment. The IFCB causes GLONASS wide-lane uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation with heterogeneous receiver types to fail, so GLONASS ambiguity is therefore traditionally estimated as float values in PPP. A two-step method of calibrating GLONASS IFCB is proposed in this paper, such that GLONASS PPP-IAR can be performed with heterogeneous receivers. Experimental results demonstrate that with the proposed method, GLONASS PPP ambiguity resolution can be achieved across a variety of receiver types. For kinematic PPP with mixed receiver types, the fixing percentage within 10 min is only 33.5% for GPS-only. Upon adding GLONASS, the percentage improves substantially, to 84.9%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T07:37:25Z","timestamp":1520321845000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Calibration of GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Bias for PPP Ambiguity Resolution with Heterogeneous Rover Receivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Smart Transportation &amp; Safety Maintenance , Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Shengfeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Smart Transportation &amp; Safety Maintenance , Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012883","article-title":"Precise point positioning using IGS orbit and clock products","volume":"5","author":"Kouba","year":"2001","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5005","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03860","article-title":"Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks","volume":"102","author":"Zumberge","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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