{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T02:23:56Z","timestamp":1773800636896,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a new blind, color image watermarking method using fast Walsh\u2013Hadamard transformation (FWHT) and multi-channel fractional Legendre\u2013Fourier moments (MFrLFMs). The input host color image is first split into 4 \u00d7 4 non-interfering blocks, and the MFrLFMs are computed for each block, where proper MFrLFMs coefficients are selected and FWHT is applied on the selected coefficients. The scrambled binary watermark has been inserted in the quantized selected MFrLFMs coefficients. The proposed method is a blind extraction, as the original host image is not required to extract the watermark. The proposed method is evaluated over many visual imperceptibility terms such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), normalized correlation (NC), and bit error rate. The robustness of the proposed method is tested over several geometrical attacks such as scaling, rotation, cropping, and translation with different parameter values. The most widely recognized image processing attacks are also considered, e.g., compressing and adding noise attacks. A set of combination attacks are also tested to analyze the robustness of the proposed scheme versus several attacks. The proposed model\u2019s experimental and numerical results for invisibility and robustness were superior to the results of similar watermarking methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Blind Watermarking of Color Medical Images Using Hadamard Transform and Fractional-Order Moments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8932-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Abdel-Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8065-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Hosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Nabil A.","family":"Lashin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computers and Informatics, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Fouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2006.11.002","article-title":"A robust content-based digital image watermarking scheme","volume":"87","author":"Qi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08652-9","article-title":"On the implementation of a copyright protection scheme using digital image watermarking","volume":"79","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. 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