{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T16:15:11Z","timestamp":1760890511598,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the predefined-time synchronization for a class of nonlinear multi-agent systems. The notion of passivity is exploited to design the controller for predefined-time synchronization of a nonlinear multi-agent system, where the time of synchronization can be preassigned. Developed control can be used to synchronize large-scale, higher-order multi-agent systems as passivity is an important property in designing control for complex control systems, where the control inputs and outputs are considered in determining the stability of the system in contrast to other approaches, such as state-based Control We introduced the notion of predefined-time passivity and as an application of the exposed stability analysis, static and adaptive predefined-time control algorithms are designed to study the average consensus problem for nonlinear leaderless multiagent systems in predefined-time. We provide a detailed mathematical analysis of the proposed protocol, including convergence proof and stability analysis. We discussed the tracking problem for a single agent, and designed state feedback and adaptive state feedback control scheme to make tracking error predefined-time passive and then showed that in the absence of external input, tracking error reduces to zero in predefined-time. Furthermore, we extended this concept for a nonlinear multi-agent system and designed state feedback and adaptive state feedback control scheme which ensure synchronization of all the agents in predefined-time. To further strengthen the idea, we applied our control scheme to a nonlinear multi-agent system by taking the example of Chua\u2019s circuit. Finally, we compared the result of our developed predefined-time synchronization framework with finite-time synchronization scheme available in literature for the Kuramoto model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1681176783000},"page":"3865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Predefined Time Synchronization of Multi-Agent Systems: A Passivity Based Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Vinay","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}]},{"given":"Eram","family":"Taslima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}]},{"given":"Bhawana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 6SB, UK"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8827-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thach Ngoc","family":"Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers (CNAM), CEDRIC-Laetitia, 292 rue Saint Martin, CEDEX 03, 75141 Paris, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1109\/TRA.2002.805653","article-title":"Coordinated target assignment and intercept for unmanned air vehicles","volume":"18","author":"Beard","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2019.2913619","article-title":"Distributed adaptive time-varying group formation tracking for multi-agent systems with multiple leaders on directed graphs","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control. Netw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2514\/1.40136","article-title":"Homing guidance law for cooperative attack of multiple missiles","volume":"33","author":"Jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.680","article-title":"Decentralized Control. of satellite formations","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku, S.Y., Nejat, G., and Benhabib, B. (2022). Wilderness Search for Lost Persons Using a Multimodal Aerial-Terrestrial Robot Team. Robotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics11030064"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordin, M.H., Sharma, S., Khan, A., Gianni, M., Rajendran, S., and Sutton, R. (2022). Collaborative Unmanned Vehicles for Inspection, Maintenance, and Repairs of Offshore Wind Turbines. Drones, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6060137"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Gupta, A., Gupta, S.K., Alsamhi, S.H., and Shvetsov, A.V. (2022). Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Mars Exploration: Deployment Use Case. Drones, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6010004"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/22348972.2017.1348890","article-title":"Multi-agent systems and their applications","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Counc. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rold\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez, J.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gironda, E., and Barrientos, A. (2021). A Survey on Robotic Technologies for Forest Firefighting: Applying Drone Swarms to Improve Firefighters\u2019 Efficiency and Safety. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010363"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/9.664154","article-title":"Conflict resolution for air traffic management: A study in multi-agent hybrid systems","volume":"43","author":"Tomlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1080\/00207179.2014.935485","article-title":"Flocking of multi-agent systems with multiple groups","volume":"87","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysconle.2011.09.020","article-title":"Second-order tracking Control. for leader-follower multi-agent flocking in directed graphs with switching topology","volume":"60","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst. Control. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2008.12.015","article-title":"Global target aggregation and state agreement of nonlinear multi-agent systems with switching topologies","volume":"45","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1049\/cth2.12185","article-title":"Consensus problems in multi-agent systems: A vector based contraction approach","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Control. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2778063","article-title":"Trajectory Tracking by Multiple Agents in Formation with Collision Avoidance and Connectivity Assurance","volume":"12","author":"Mondal","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2014.10.022","article-title":"A survey of multi-agent formation Control","volume":"53","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Pu, Z., Yi, J., Sun, J., Xiong, T., and Qiu, T. (2020, January 20\u201321). Adaptive Flocking of Multi-Agent Systems with Uncertain Nonlinear Dynamics and Unknown Disturbances Using Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 16th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE48305.2020.9216754"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729881420960342","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881420960342","article-title":"Consensus, cooperative learning, and flocking for multiagent predator avoidance","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2303213","article-title":"Cooperative Control. Design for Time-Varying Formations of Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"59","author":"Seuret","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, B., and Chen, Y. (2022). A Novel Decoupled Synchronous Control. Method for Multiple Autonomous Unmanned Linear Systems: Bounded L2-Gain for Coupling Attenuation. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157551"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., Ali, Z.A., Israr, A., Alkhammash, E.H., and Hadjouni, M. (2022). A Multi-Colony Social Learning Approach for the Self-Organization of a Swarm of UAVs. Drones, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones6050104"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafiq, M., Ali, Z.A., and Alkhammash, E.H. (2021). A Cluster-Based Hierarchical-Approach for the Path Planning of Swarm. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11156864"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Z.A., Han, Z., and Masood, R.J. (2021). Collective Motion and Self-Organization of a Swarm of UAVs: A Cluster-Based Architecture. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113820"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2402192","article-title":"Distributed synchronization Control. of multi-agent systems with unknown nonlinearities","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2017.2723963","article-title":"Event-triggered protocol for the consensus of multi-agent systems with state-dependent nonlinear coupling","volume":"65","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Dai, M.-Z., Zhang, C., and Wu, J. (2020). Edge-Event-Triggered Synchronization for Multi-Agent Systems with Nonlinear Controller Outputs. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155250"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2016.2555484","article-title":"Periodic Event-Triggered Synchronization of Linear Multi-Agent Systems With Communication Delays","volume":"62","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2362990","article-title":"Synchronization Reachable Topology and Synchronization of Discrete-Time Linear Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoorvogel, A.A., Saberi, A., Zhang, M., and Liu, Z. (2017, January 24\u201326). Solvability conditions and design for state synchronization of multi-agent systems. Proceedings of the 2017 American Control. Conference (ACC), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2017.7963677"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2010.2042764","article-title":"Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Consensusability of Linear Multi-Agent Systems","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2006.06.015","article-title":"Finite-time convergent gradient flows with applications to network consensus","volume":"42","year":"2006","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2008.929392","article-title":"Finite-Time Semistability and Consensus for Nonlinear Dynamical Networks","volume":"53","author":"Hui","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Mo, S., Zhou, H., Qin, T., and Zhong, Y. (2022). Finite-Time Consensus Tracking Control. for Speed Sensorless Multi-Motor Systems. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12115518"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2013.2295012","article-title":"Finite-time synchronization of a class of second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems using output feedback control","volume":"61","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2017.11.018","article-title":"Finite-time consensus for nonlinear multi-agent systems with time-varying delay: An auxiliary system approach","volume":"355","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2016.04.016","article-title":"Finite-time consensus problem of multi-agent systems with disturbance","volume":"353","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2018.2808599","article-title":"Finite-time connectivity-preserving consensus for second-order nonlinear multi-agent systems","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Netw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2016.07.004","article-title":"Finite-time synchronization for second-order nonlinear multi-agent system via pinning exponent sliding mode Control","volume":"65","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2015.7032911","article-title":"Finite-time Attitude Control: A Finite-time Passivity Approach","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2016.09.011","article-title":"Finite-time passivity of dynamic systems","volume":"353","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Frankl. Inst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2019.2914409","article-title":"Finite-time consensus for linear multi-agent systems via event-triggered strategy without continuous communication","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control. Netw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2749248","article-title":"Finite-time synchronization of networks via quantized intermittent pinning Control","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2477366","article-title":"Nonsmooth finite-time synchronization of switched coupled neural networks","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V.K., Prasun, P., Singh, B., Kamal, S., and Ghosh, S. (2021, January 13\u201316). Neural Network Control based Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems in Arbitrary Time. Proceedings of the IECON 2021\u201447th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON48115.2021.9589571"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V.K., Prasun, P., Chatterjee, K., Kamal, S., Ghosh, S., and Bandyopadhyay, B. (2022, January 11\u201314). Optimal Sliding Mode Control with Predefined Upper Bound of Settling Time. Proceedings of the 2022 16th International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems (VSS), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/VSS57184.2022.9901559"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Bevelevich, V. (1968). Classical Network Synthesis, Van Nostrand."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-1098(96)00200-2","article-title":"Passivity of nonlinear systems with input-output feedthrough","volume":"33","author":"Santosuosso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/81.774240","article-title":"Passive equivalence of chaos in Lorenz system","volume":"46","author":"Wen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Fundam. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2014.2375771","article-title":"Feedback stabilization of Bernoulli jump nonlinear systems: A passivity-based approach","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2017.2746759","article-title":"Finite-time passivity of coupled neural networks with multiple weights","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2019.2963465","article-title":"Passivity-based finite-time synchronization of nonlinear multi-agent systems","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2011.2179869","article-title":"Nonlinear feedback design for fixed-time stabilization of linear Control. systems","volume":"57","author":"Polyakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/asjc.1585","article-title":"Fixed-time synchronization of a class of second-order nonlinear leader-following multi-agent systems","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Control"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/TCNS.2020.3034523","article-title":"Fixed-Time-Synchronized Consensus Control. of Multiagent Systems","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control. Netw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2019.2954463","article-title":"Fixed-time passification analysis of interconnected memristive reaction-diffusion neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2019.108710","article-title":"Design of controllers with arbitrary convergence time","volume":"112","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taslima, E., Singh, B., Pandey, V., Kamal, S., Dinh, T.N., and Saket, R.K. (2002, January 17\u201320). A Passivity based Approach to Synchronize Multi-agent Systems in Predefined Time. Proceedings of the IECON 2022\u201448th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON49645.2022.9968740"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2017.06.008","article-title":"Time-varying feedback for regulation of normal-form nonlinear systems in predefined finite time","volume":"83","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, A.K., Singh, B., Kamal, S., Nagar, S.K., and Goyal, J.K. (2020, January 26\u201328). Arbitrary time stabilization of a coupled tank system: A contraction based approach. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT45562.2020.9067306"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, Y., Singh, B., Kamal, S., and Ghosh, S. (2021, January 22\u201325). Arbitrary Time Attitude Stabilization and Tracking of Rigid Body on SO(3). Proceedings of the 2021 29th Mediterranean Conference on Control. and Automation (MED), Puglia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED51440.2021.9480339"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2019.2916257","article-title":"Predefined-time consensus tracking of second-order multiagent systems","volume":"51","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesbahi, M., and Egerstedt, M. (2010). Graph Theoretic Methods in Multiagent Systems, Princeton University.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400835355"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Khalil, H.K. (2002). Nonlinear Systems, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1137\/S0363012997321358","article-title":"Finite-time stability of continuous autonomous systems","volume":"38","author":"Bhat","year":"2000","journal-title":"SIAM J. Control Optim."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11768-014-4096-9","article-title":"Passivity-based consensus for linear multi-agent systems under switching topologies","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Control Theory Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/3865\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:13:19Z","timestamp":1760123599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/3865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23083865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23083865","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]}}}