{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:20:44Z","timestamp":1760059244384,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Social Science Planning Special Project on \u201cStudy and Interpretation of the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC and the Second Plenary Session of the 15th Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee\u201d","award":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Social Science Foundation of China","award":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation Project","award":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22NDJC068YB","2023J097","42171254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China\u2019s reclamation regulation policy is an important policy tool used by the government to balance land development and ecological protection in coastal areas, but few studies have focused on the impact of the implementation of this policy on ecosystem services. To fill the gap, this study takes Ningbo City as an example, applies the InVEST model as a scenario analysis and trend indication tool, combines the market value method to quantify the ecosystem services of coastal wetlands, and explores the impact of the reclamation regulation policy on the coastal wetland ecosystem services through the regression discontinuity model. The findings are as follows: (1) from 2005 to 2020, the natural ecological landscape in the coastal zone of Ningbo City continued to shrink, but the overall value of ecosystem services showed a fluctuating upward trend. Among them, cropland and wetlands served as the primary conduits for ecosystem services in this region, highlighting the need to strengthen the protection of these two land types. (2) The implementation of reclamation regulation policy has an impact on ecosystem services. The policy implementation in 2011 appeared to suppress the downward trend of ecological habitat quality and carbon storage, while the policy implementation in 2017 had a positive impact on the enhancement of carbon storage and material production. (3) As for the effect of reclamation regulation policy on the changes in ecosystem services, although the measured positive impact of reclamation regulation policy on ecological habitat quality was less statistically pronounced compared to other services during the study period, it had significant positive effects on carbon storage and material production. On the whole, the reclamation regulation policy proves effective in contributing to the maintenance of coastal wetland ecosystem services. Although the model-based results in this study reveal more indicator trends rather than precise quantitative evidence, it helps mitigate degradation trends and enhance specific services like carbon storage and material production. Through its implementation, the policy aids in pursuing the win\u2013win goal of balancing urban economic development and ecological environment protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13060431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T11:55:52Z","timestamp":1748951752000},"page":"431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Reclamation Policy Shapes China\u2019s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3626-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuefei","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"given":"Zhongguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4196-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.07.004","article-title":"Land use and ecosystems services value changes and ecological land management in coastal Jiangsu, China","volume":"57","author":"Chuai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101337","article-title":"China\u2019s coastal wetlands: Ecological challenges, restoration, and management suggestions","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Perillo, G.M.E., Wolanski, E., Cahoon, D.R., and Hopkinson, C.S. (2019). Chapter 27\u2014The Value of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services. Coastal Wetlands, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C., Valdes, L., Young, C., Fonseca, L., and Grimsditch, G. (2009). Blue Carbon\u2014The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon, UN Environment, GRID-Arendal."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-0003-7","article-title":"The Present and Future Role of Coastal Wetland Vegetation in Protecting Shorelines: Answering Recent Challenges to the Paradigm","volume":"106","author":"Gedan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, A., Icely, J., Cristina, S., Perillo, G., Turner, R., Ahsan, D., Cragg, S., Luo, Y., Tu, C., and Li, Y. (2020). Anthropogenic, Direct Pressures on Coastal Wetlands. Front. Ecol. Evol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.00144"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.103861","article-title":"Change of sea reclamation and the sea-use management policy system in China","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0805-8","article-title":"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats","volume":"565","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.015","article-title":"Modeling the total allowable area for coastal reclamation: A case study of Xiamen, China","volume":"76","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892902000061","article-title":"Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries","volume":"29","author":"Kennish","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.01.006","article-title":"Drivers, trends, and potential impacts of long-term coastal reclamation in China from 1985 to 2010","volume":"170","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107477","article-title":"Economic and ecological trade-offs of coastal reclamation in the Hangzhou Bay, China","volume":"125","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Landscape pattern change and its cumulative environmental effects of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257258","article-title":"Rethinking China\u2019s new great wall","volume":"346","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00793-5","article-title":"Rebound in China\u2019s coastal wetlands following conservation and restoration","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/14634988.2019.1635421","article-title":"Hydrodynamic changes due to coastal reclamation activities in Daya Bay","volume":"22","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-020-1772-1","article-title":"Ecosystem service valuation of bays in East China Sea and its response to sea reclamation activities","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"418","article-title":"Impact of Large-scale Reclamation on Coastal Wetlands and Implications for Ecological Restoration, Compensation, and Sustainable Exploitation Framework","volume":"32","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"United Nations (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3311","article-title":"Development Trend, Environmental and Ecological Impacts, and Policy Recommendations for Bohai Sea Reclamation","volume":"38","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ecological problems and countermeasures caused by land reclamation","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean. Dev. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparative Studies: Coastal Reclamation Management between China and Abroad","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ocean. Univ. China (Soc. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2023.106532","article-title":"Transitions and suggestions for China\u2019s coastal port reclamation policies","volume":"236","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"427","article-title":"Changes of ecosystem service value under the rapid urbanization in the coastal zone of Zhejiang Province","volume":"36","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.10.048","article-title":"Integrative assessment and management implications on ecosystem services loss of coastal wetlands due to reclamation","volume":"163","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2012.06.014","article-title":"Urban spatial expansion and its impacts on island ecosystem services and landscape pattern: A case study of the island city of Xiamen, Southeast China","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraro, P.J., and Pattanayak, S.K. (2006). Money for Nothing? A Call for Empirical Evaluation of Biodiversity Conservation Investments. PLoS Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040105"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Improvement of the Evaluation Method for Ecosystem Service Value Based on Per Unit Area","volume":"30","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, F., Bagstad, K.J., Voigt, B., Johnson, G.W., Portela, R., Honz\u00e1k, M., and Batker, D. (2014). A Methodology for Adaptable and Robust Ecosystem Services Assessment. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2010.08.002","article-title":"A GIS application for assessing, mapping, and quantifying the social values of ecosystem services","volume":"31","author":"Sherrouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sharp, R., Douglass, J., Wolny, S., Arkema, K., Bernhardt, J., Bierbower, W., Chaumont, N., Denu, D., Fisher, D., and Glowinski, K. (2020). InVEST 3.9.0 User\u2019s Guide, World Wildlife Fund."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2012.663792","article-title":"Methods for mapping ecosystem service supply: A review","volume":"8","author":"Balvanera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liquete, C., Piroddi, C., Drakou, E.G., Gurney, L., Katsanevakis, S., Charef, A., and Egoh, B. (2013). Current Status and Future Prospects for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067737"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-010-9407-0","article-title":"The Impact of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Returns to Landowners: A Case Study in the State of Minnesota","volume":"48","author":"Polasky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.227","article-title":"Empirical validation of the InVEST water yield ecosystem service model at a national scale","volume":"569\u2013570","author":"Redhead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/21513732.2011.647835","article-title":"Modeling benefits from nature: Using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning","volume":"8","author":"Guerry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Sci. Ecosyst. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"101941","article-title":"Assessment of coastal ecosystem services and its condition for policy management plan in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia","volume":"47","author":"Tussadiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/erae\/jbac023","article-title":"Regression discontinuity designs in agricultural and environmental economics","volume":"50","author":"Wuepper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.001","article-title":"Regression Discontinuity Design: A Guide to Practice","volume":"142","author":"Imbens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"325","article-title":"Regression Discontinuity Design: Theoretical Developments and Extended Applications","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.08.116","article-title":"Environmental regulations, innovation and firm performance: A revisit of the Porter hypothesis","volume":"155","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Xiaohui, Z., Luyao, M., and Zeng, X. (2025). How does environmental regulation promote firm performance? Evidence from Chinese environmentally friendly firms. J. Environ. Plan. Manag., 1\u201330.","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2025.2452401"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30\u2009m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"128","article-title":"Evaluating the Performance of Ecological Conservation Red Line Based on Counterfactual Framework: A Case of Ningbo City","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Land Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"6406","article-title":"Spatio-temporal evolution of habitat quality and ecological red line assessment in Zhejiang Province","volume":"42","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2429","article-title":"Study on the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Habitat Quality and Its Terrain Gradient Effects of the Middle of the Yangtze River Economic Belt Based on InVEST Model","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"96","article-title":"Research on the Spatiotemporal Variation of Carbon Storage in the Coastal Zone of Liaoning Province Based on InVEST Model","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoscience"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"320","article-title":"Spatial-temporal Evolution and Prediction of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks on Hainan Island by Coupling the InVEST and FLUS Models","volume":"43","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.05.005","article-title":"Trade-offs among ecosystem services in coastal wetlands under the effects of reclamation activities","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.004","article-title":"Randomized experiments from non-random selection in US House elections","volume":"142","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116064","article-title":"Natural and anthropogenic factors on China\u2019s ecosystem services: Comparison and spillover effect perspective","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"59","article-title":"Net Effect and Mechanism Analysis of Hainan International Tourism Island Construction on Urban Construction Land Expansion","volume":"36","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Land Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.135","article-title":"Does China\u2019s Yangtze River Economic Belt policy impact on local ecosystem services?","volume":"676","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.302","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services in the San Antonio River Basin, Texas, from 1984 to 2010","volume":"619","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110742","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of Ecological Conservation Red Line for mitigating anthropogenic habitat degradation in river corridors","volume":"154","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175930","article-title":"The evolution of habitat quality and its response to land use change in the coastal China, 1985\u20132020","volume":"952","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248","article-title":"Wetland Resources: Status, Trends, Ecosystem Services, and Restorability","volume":"15","author":"Zedler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.3.1220","article-title":"Freshwater input structures soil properties, vertical accretion, and nutrient accumulation of Georgia and U.S tidal marshes","volume":"52","author":"Craft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02804905","article-title":"\u201cA Strikingly Rich Zone\u201d: Nutrient Enrichment and Secondary Production in Coastal Marine Ecosystems","volume":"25","author":"Nixon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"116","article-title":"The People\u2019s Regulation: Citizens and Implementation of Law in China","volume":"25","author":"Rooij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Columbia J. Asian Law"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:46:41Z","timestamp":1760032001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13060431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13060431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]}}}