{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393248213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.17640","title":"REFeREE: A REference-FREE Model-Based Metric for Text Simplification","display_name":"REFeREE: A REference-FREE Model-Based Metric for Text Simplification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393248213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.17640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.17640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.17640","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17640","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110643134","display_name":"Yichen Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Yichen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069779745","display_name":"Ekaterina Kochmar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-1374"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kochmar, Ekaterina","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110643134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6732655167579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47314202785491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3656449317932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13518831133842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.0756923258304596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6732655167579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47314202785491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3656449317932129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13518831133842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0756923258304596}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.17640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.17640","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.17640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.17640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.17640","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.17640","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325295","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393248213.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393248213.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Text":[0],"simplification":[1],"lacks":[2],"a":[3,25,30,51],"universal":[4],"standard":[5,47],"of":[6,54],"quality,":[7],"and":[8,14,40,73,76],"annotated":[9],"reference":[10,86],"simplifications":[11,87],"are":[12,57],"scarce":[13],"costly.":[15],"We":[16],"propose":[17],"to":[18,44],"alleviate":[19],"such":[20],"limitations":[21],"by":[22],"introducing":[23],"REFeREE,":[24],"reference-free":[26],"model-based":[27],"metric":[28,64],"with":[29],"3-stage":[31],"curriculum.":[32],"REFeREE":[33],"leverages":[34],"an":[35],"arbitrarily":[36],"scalable":[37],"pretraining":[38],"stage":[39],"can":[41],"be":[42],"applied":[43],"any":[45],"quality":[46],"as":[48,50],"long":[49],"small":[52],"number":[53],"human":[55],"annotations":[56],"available.":[58],"Our":[59],"experiments":[60],"show":[61],"that":[62],"our":[63],"outperforms":[65],"existing":[66],"reference-based":[67],"metrics":[68],"in":[69,79],"predicting":[70,80],"overall":[71],"ratings":[72,82],"reaches":[74],"competitive":[75],"consistent":[77],"performance":[78],"specific":[81],"while":[83],"requiring":[84],"no":[85],"at":[88],"inference":[89],"time.":[90]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}