{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400703079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.09975","title":"The GPT Surprise: Offering Large Language Model Chat in a Massive Coding Class Reduced Engagement but Increased Adopters Exam Performances","display_name":"The GPT Surprise: Offering Large Language Model Chat in a Massive Coding Class Reduced Engagement but Increased Adopters Exam Performances","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400703079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.09975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.09975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018535992","display_name":"Allen Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-2111"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nie, Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094066203","display_name":"Yash Chandak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6276-5549"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandak, Yash","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005121745","display_name":"Miroslav Suzara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-7861"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzara, Miroslav","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111884780","display_name":"Malika Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik, Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061308206","display_name":"Juliette Woodrow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8097-093X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woodrow, Juliette","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114192450","display_name":"Matt Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng, Matt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054695014","display_name":"Mehran Sahami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9549-6974"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahami, Mehran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084989076","display_name":"Emma Brunskill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-7127"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brunskill, Emma","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074969309","display_name":"Chris Piech","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-0467"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piech, Chris","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018535992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.914900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9139000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.8103982210159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6109849214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5326003432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43744421005249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-adopter","display_name":"Early adopter","score":0.41399091482162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.383103609085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.21631401777267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2156890332698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08922606706619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08770081400871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07716512680053711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.8103982210159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6109849214553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5326003432273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43744421005249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153279","display_name":"Early adopter","level":2,"score":0.41399091482162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.383103609085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.21631401777267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2156890332698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08922606706619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08770081400871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07716512680053711}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.09975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2407.09975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2407.09975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2407.09975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09975","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.09975","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400703079.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4236382845","https://openalex.org/W4388712630","https://openalex.org/W2481168998","https://openalex.org/W2476994687","https://openalex.org/W642988558","https://openalex.org/W2324507472","https://openalex.org/W2511141457","https://openalex.org/W1999899047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4,80],"quickly":[5],"being":[6],"adopted":[7],"in":[8,116,121,164,171,218],"a":[9,105,130,160],"wide":[10],"range":[11],"of":[12,29,52,84,87,96,156,174,186,253,258],"learning":[13],"experiences,":[14],"especially":[15],"via":[16],"ubiquitous":[17],"and":[18,25,36,75,256],"broadly":[19],"accessible":[20],"chat":[21,131],"interfaces":[22],"like":[23],"ChatGPT":[24],"Copilot.":[26],"This":[27],"type":[28],"interface":[30,132],"is":[31,61,180],"readily":[32],"available":[33],"to":[34,48,129,159,190,192,215,247],"students":[35,112,126,145,193],"teachers":[37],"around":[38],"the":[39,50,85,94,144,148,154,183,242,250],"world,":[40],"yet":[41],"relatively":[42],"little":[43],"research":[44],"has":[45],"been":[46],"done":[47],"assess":[49],"impact":[51,95,234,252],"such":[53],"generic":[54,97],"tools":[55,79],"on":[56,72,100,139,205,235],"student":[57,236],"learning.":[58],"Coding":[59],"education":[60],"an":[62,117,219],"interesting":[63],"test":[64],"case,":[65],"both":[66],"because":[67,76],"LLMs":[68,191,217,259],"have":[69],"strong":[70],"performance":[71,141],"coding":[73,101,119,221],"tasks,":[74],"LLM-powered":[77],"support":[78],"rapidly":[81],"becoming":[82],"part":[83],"workflow":[86],"professional":[88],"software":[89],"engineers.":[90],"To":[91],"help":[92,248],"understand":[93,249],"LLM":[98],"use":[99],"education,":[102],"we":[103,123],"conducted":[104],"large-scale":[106],"randomized":[107],"control":[108],"trial":[109],"with":[110,127,133],"5,831":[111],"from":[113,194],"146":[114],"countries":[115,199],"online":[118],"class":[120],"which":[122,229],"provided":[124],"some":[125],"access":[128,189],"GPT-4.":[134],"We":[135,167],"estimate":[136],"positive":[137],"benefits":[138,214],"exam":[140,165,202],"for":[142,227,244],"adopters,":[143],"who":[146],"used":[147],"tool,":[149],"but":[150,223],"over":[151],"all":[152],"students,":[153],"advertisement":[155],"GPT-4":[157],"led":[158],"significant":[161],"average":[162],"decrease":[163,179],"participation.":[166],"observe":[168],"similar":[169],"decreases":[170],"other":[172],"forms":[173],"course":[175],"engagement.":[176],"However,":[177],"this":[178],"modulated":[181],"by":[182],"student's":[184],"country":[185],"origin.":[187],"Offering":[188],"low":[195],"human":[196],"development":[197],"index":[198],"increased":[200],"their":[201,231],"participation":[203],"rate":[204],"average.":[206],"Our":[207,239],"results":[208],"suggest":[209],"there":[210],"may":[211],"be":[212],"promising":[213],"using":[216],"introductory":[220],"class,":[222],"also":[224],"potential":[225,251],"harms":[226],"engagement,":[228],"makes":[230],"longer":[232],"term":[233],"success":[237],"unclear.":[238],"work":[240],"highlights":[241],"need":[243],"additional":[245],"investigations":[246],"future":[254],"adoption":[255],"integration":[257],"into":[260],"classrooms.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
