{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3115844225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6157","title":"Principal component analysis, hidden Markov model<scp>,</scp> and artificial neural network inspired techniques to recognize faces","display_name":"Principal component analysis, hidden Markov model<scp>,</scp> and artificial neural network inspired techniques to recognize faces","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3115844225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6157","mag":"3115844225"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.6157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11065456","display_name":"Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1532-0626","issn":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025348541","display_name":"Akarsh Aggarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-0129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310439424","display_name":"Accenture (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/041r3e346","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310439424","https://openalex.org/I4210093804"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akarsh Aggarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Accenture Solutions Private Limited  Fariabad India","Accenture Solutions Private Limited, Fariabad, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0713-0129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Accenture Solutions Private Limited  Fariabad India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310439424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Accenture Solutions Private Limited, Fariabad, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071035157","display_name":"Mohammed Alshehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-311X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195631090","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alshehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences Majmaah University  Majmaah Saudi Arabia","College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-311X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences Majmaah University  Majmaah Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763147","display_name":"Manoj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-0639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5847235","display_name":"University of Petroleum and Energy Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04q2jes40","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES)  Dehradun India","School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5113-0639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES)  Dehradun India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5847235"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061246696","display_name":"Purushottam Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-7152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Purushottam Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, ASET Amity University Noida  Noida India","Department of Information Technology, ASET, Amity University Noida, Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8037-7152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, ASET Amity University Noida  Noida India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, ASET, Amity University Noida, Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035125196","display_name":"Osama Alfarraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-8617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osama Alfarraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Community College King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-8617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Community College King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068351879","display_name":"Vikas Deep","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4763-0822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191972202","display_name":"Amity University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n9z0v62","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikas Deep","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, ASET Amity University Noida  Noida India","Department of Information Technology, ASET, Amity University Noida, Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, ASET Amity University Noida  Noida India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, ASET, Amity University Noida, Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191972202"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071035157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195631090"],"apc_list":{"value":4740,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4740},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92806221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8436638116836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7139067649841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.690597414970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6865032911300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6701297163963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6187325119972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6031934022903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5860849618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.4777471423149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.416909784078598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37558460235595703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8436638116836548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7139067649841309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.690597414970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6865032911300659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6701297163963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6187325119972229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6031934022903442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5860849618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.4777471423149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.416909784078598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37558460235595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/cpe.6157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11065456","display_name":"Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience","issn_l":"1532-0626","issn":["1532-0626","1532-0634"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7221040668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP\u20102019\u201026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324553","funder_display_name":"Majmaah University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324553","display_name":"Majmaah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mcrnj60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W341125965","https://openalex.org/W1090519898","https://openalex.org/W1541521713","https://openalex.org/W1755947754","https://openalex.org/W1978493291","https://openalex.org/W2009793707","https://openalex.org/W2073680184","https://openalex.org/W2075282432","https://openalex.org/W2098401339","https://openalex.org/W2127635091","https://openalex.org/W2170080599","https://openalex.org/W2171338122","https://openalex.org/W2395791005","https://openalex.org/W2461548766","https://openalex.org/W2566958870","https://openalex.org/W2585123518","https://openalex.org/W2609349300","https://openalex.org/W2610486050","https://openalex.org/W2622774936","https://openalex.org/W2735096401","https://openalex.org/W2738805647","https://openalex.org/W2767097933","https://openalex.org/W2791759164","https://openalex.org/W2910603373","https://openalex.org/W2916478421","https://openalex.org/W2952135913","https://openalex.org/W2979646104","https://openalex.org/W2982881763","https://openalex.org/W3084391106","https://openalex.org/W3089118372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W2388958958","https://openalex.org/W4245698648","https://openalex.org/W2405257913","https://openalex.org/W3133710586","https://openalex.org/W2125964738","https://openalex.org/W2098529290","https://openalex.org/W2026402306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Face":[1,112,175],"Recognition":[2],"is":[3,152,171],"a":[4,52],"challenging":[5],"task":[6],"for":[7,60,126],"recognizing":[8],"and":[9,79,91,104,110,139],"detecting":[10],"the":[11,25,43,46,116,130,141,159,180],"identity":[12],"of":[13,18,27,42,118,145,163],"an":[14],"individual.":[15],"Although,":[16],"plethora":[17],"work":[19],"has":[20,32,36],"already":[21],"been":[22,33,38],"done":[23],"in":[24,40,189],"field":[26],"pattern":[28],"recognition":[29,62,102,128,143],"still":[30],"there":[31],"lot":[34],"which":[35],"not":[37],"addressed":[39],"any":[41],"literature.":[44],"In":[45],"current":[47],"research,":[48],"we":[49],"have":[50],"presented":[51],"comparative":[53],"analysis":[54],"using":[55,68,75,84,93],"three":[56],"popularly":[57],"known":[58,187],"techniques":[59,88,133,182,188],"face":[61,127],"namely,":[63],"Principal":[64],"Components":[65],"Analysis":[66],"(PCA)":[67],"Eigen":[69],"Faces,":[70],"Hidden":[71],"Markov":[72],"Model":[73],"(HMM)":[74],"Singular":[76],"Value":[77],"Decomposition,":[78],"Artificial":[80],"Neural":[81],"Network":[82],"(ANN)":[83],"Gabor":[85],"filters.":[86],"These":[87],"are":[89,183],"implemented":[90,119,181,191],"evaluated":[92],"various":[94,193],"measuring":[95],"metrics":[96],"such":[97],"as":[98],"false":[99,101],"acceptance,":[100],"rate,":[103],"so":[105],"on.":[106],"We":[107],"used":[108],"ORL":[109,148,167],"Yale":[111,174],"dataset":[113],"to":[114],"test":[115],"robustness":[117],"algorithms.":[120],"Results":[121],"show":[122],"that":[123,155],"ANN":[124,156],"model":[125,157],"outperforms":[129],"other":[131],"two":[132],"by":[134,192],"achieving":[135],"more":[136],"accurate":[137],"results":[138],"shows":[140,158],"highest":[142],"rate":[144],"97.49%":[146],"on":[147,166,173],"database.":[149],"Moreover,":[150],"it":[151,170],"also":[153],"observed":[154],"minimum":[160],"error":[161],"count":[162],"about":[164],"2.502%":[165],"database":[168],"while":[169],"3.5%":[172],"dataset.":[176],"To":[177],"evaluate":[178],"further,":[179],"compared":[184],"with":[185],"best":[186],"class":[190],"researchers.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}