{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415545969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820","title":"A systems-theoretic approach for identifying security vulnerabilities in machine learning-enhanced industrial control systems","display_name":"A systems-theoretic approach for identifying security vulnerabilities in machine learning-enhanced industrial control systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415545969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202403813","display_name":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","issn_l":"0951-8320","issn":["0951-8320","1879-0836"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101511468","display_name":"Peng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7270-0300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peihang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053582981","display_name":"Chunjie Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunjie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Intelligent Control, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-5841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Intelligent Control, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090193685","display_name":"Min Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-4390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Intelligent Control, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China","School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Image Processing and Intelligent Control, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032497433","display_name":"Sardar Shan Ali Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sardar Shan Ali Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7884-8202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054879966","display_name":"Xi Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0674-2246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuqing Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005839697","display_name":"Minglu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4507-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minglu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053582981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":4190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37646374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"267","issue":null,"first_page":"111820","last_page":"111820"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9513000249862671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9509999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-management","display_name":"Vulnerability management","score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-controls","display_name":"Security controls","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.65420001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5943999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5737000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.5633000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172776598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7943570","display_name":"Vulnerability management","level":4,"score":0.5023000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632136","display_name":"Security controls","level":3,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172862783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165888","display_name":"Control system security","level":5,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206355099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3614972","display_name":"Hazard analysis","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35749998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195518309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13424265","display_name":"Security testing","level":5,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125174871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1683210","display_name":"Hazard and operability study","level":3,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.2994000017642975}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2025.111820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202403813","display_name":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","issn_l":"0951-8320","issn":["0951-8320","1879-0836"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2727820605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62320106005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8899279166","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62127808","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2097266550","https://openalex.org/W2291671891","https://openalex.org/W2407786575","https://openalex.org/W2475320399","https://openalex.org/W2604178734","https://openalex.org/W2754030209","https://openalex.org/W2891294576","https://openalex.org/W2990211277","https://openalex.org/W3007750764","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3097874425","https://openalex.org/W3107765100","https://openalex.org/W3174427608","https://openalex.org/W3179019115","https://openalex.org/W3188642940","https://openalex.org/W3198837818","https://openalex.org/W3217067389","https://openalex.org/W4205140141","https://openalex.org/W4210529933","https://openalex.org/W4285404754","https://openalex.org/W4293382744","https://openalex.org/W4304587309","https://openalex.org/W4323928870","https://openalex.org/W4323980368","https://openalex.org/W4360994026","https://openalex.org/W4366993199","https://openalex.org/W4377092395","https://openalex.org/W4385486345","https://openalex.org/W4386408337","https://openalex.org/W4386914220","https://openalex.org/W4388816770","https://openalex.org/W4389856627","https://openalex.org/W4390533376","https://openalex.org/W4390752525","https://openalex.org/W4391022390","https://openalex.org/W4399041575","https://openalex.org/W4403118010","https://openalex.org/W4404409632","https://openalex.org/W4405175952","https://openalex.org/W4412430399","https://openalex.org/W7077069134"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-20T17:24:06.736184","created_date":"2025-10-25T00:00:00"}