{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1915113127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","title":"An unsupervised approach for gait-based authentication","display_name":"An unsupervised approach for gait-based authentication","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1915113127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","mag":"1915113127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052844364","display_name":"Guglielmo Cola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-723X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guglielmo Cola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037861439","display_name":"Marco Avvenuti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Avvenuti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080972873","display_name":"Alessio Vecchio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6894-7338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Vecchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dip. di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085036036","display_name":"Guang\u2010Zhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-4020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang-Zhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, Hamlyn Centre, London, UK","Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, Hamlyn Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063187094","display_name":"Benny Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-108X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benny Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, Hamlyn Centre, London, UK","Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, Hamlyn Centre, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052844364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2392,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78206943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7984158992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7950174808502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.7501447200775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.7091845870018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.6995106935501099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6384252309799194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6365439891815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5657423138618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.5284728407859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5147488117218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.4950260519981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47846126556396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4456162452697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4419439435005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3544239401817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17859673500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16511613130569458}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7984158992767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7950174808502197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.7501447200775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.7091845870018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.6995106935501099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6384252309799194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6365439891815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5657423138618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.5284728407859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5147488117218018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.4950260519981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47846126556396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4456162452697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4419439435005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3544239401817322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17859673500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16511613130569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn.2015.7299423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/744280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11568/744280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5703964369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H009744/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6687449722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L014149/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971422403","https://openalex.org/W1973300387","https://openalex.org/W1986553199","https://openalex.org/W2000159330","https://openalex.org/W2014047279","https://openalex.org/W2015180557","https://openalex.org/W2040975718","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2050294282","https://openalex.org/W2061971458","https://openalex.org/W2076415942","https://openalex.org/W2081929878","https://openalex.org/W2083106564","https://openalex.org/W2083373749","https://openalex.org/W2089710102","https://openalex.org/W2097546075","https://openalex.org/W2102950522","https://openalex.org/W2110159806","https://openalex.org/W2131368080","https://openalex.org/W2137604415","https://openalex.org/W2138135354","https://openalex.org/W2171062881","https://openalex.org/W4255262795","https://openalex.org/W6666239103"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4233349824","https://openalex.org/W1995418324","https://openalex.org/W2211301776","https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W4200422973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Similar":[0],"to":[1,66,103,125],"fingerprint":[2],"and":[3,10,79,84,120],"iris":[4],"pattern,":[5],"everyone's":[6],"gait":[7,11,50],"is":[8,63],"unique,":[9],"has":[12,73],"been":[13,74],"proposed":[14,43],"as":[15,37],"a":[16,25],"biometric":[17],"feature":[18],"for":[19,29],"security":[20],"applications.":[21],"This":[22],"paper":[23],"presents":[24],"lightweight":[26],"accelerometer-based":[27],"technique":[28,45,72],"user":[30,55],"authentication":[31,44],"on":[32],"smart":[33],"wearable":[34],"devices.":[35],"Designed":[36],"an":[38],"unsupervised":[39],"classification":[40],"approach,":[41],"the":[42,48,54,59,68,95,108,111,116,121,126],"can":[46],"learn":[47],"user's":[49],"pattern":[51],"automatically":[52],"when":[53],"first":[56],"starts":[57],"wearing":[58],"device.":[60],"Anomaly":[61],"detection":[62],"then":[64],"used":[65],"verify":[67],"device":[69,112],"owner.":[70],"The":[71,89],"evaluated":[75],"both":[76],"in":[77,94,115],"controlled":[78,96],"uncontrolled":[80,109],"environments,":[81],"with":[82],"20":[83],"6":[85],"healthy":[86],"volunteers":[87],"respectively.":[88],"Equal":[90],"Error":[91],"Rate":[92],"(EER)":[93],"environments":[97],"ranged":[98],"from":[99],"5.7%":[100],"(waist-mounted":[101],"sensor)":[102],"8.0%":[104],"(trouser":[105],"pocket).":[106],"In":[107],"experiment,":[110],"was":[113],"put":[114],"subject's":[117],"trouser":[118],"pocket,":[119],"results":[122],"were":[123],"similar":[124],"respective":[127],"supervised":[128],"experiment":[129],"(EER=9.7%).":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
