{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135501725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.116","title":"Facial Action Units Recognition Based on Fuzzy Kernel Clustering","display_name":"Facial Action Units Recognition Based on Fuzzy Kernel Clustering","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135501725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.116","mag":"2135501725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fskd.2008.116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107408211","display_name":"Hui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-9005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, School of Information Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, School of Information Engineering, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343131","display_name":"Zhiliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107408211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80450866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"168","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7110150456428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6892892718315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6526380181312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6348608136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6346848011016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6164824962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5459372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.513445258140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49389201402664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4606717824935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-clustering","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","score":0.4437108337879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18918031454086304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7110150456428528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6892892718315125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6526380181312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6348608136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6346848011016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6164824962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5459372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.513445258140564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49389201402664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4606717824935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.4437108337879181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18918031454086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fskd.2008.116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fskd.2008.116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502069036","https://openalex.org/W1575783360","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W2027006788","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2110885456","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2157383128","https://openalex.org/W2159668072","https://openalex.org/W2166942057","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945382830","https://openalex.org/W4224807364","https://openalex.org/W2596632494","https://openalex.org/W2535986621","https://openalex.org/W1980197432","https://openalex.org/W2382432689","https://openalex.org/W2000612978","https://openalex.org/W4388110928","https://openalex.org/W1483228865","https://openalex.org/W4292434959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"action":[1],"units":[2],"(AUs)":[3],"recognition":[4,49,107,162],"is":[5,13,83,133],"a":[6,56,75,98,119,123],"challenging":[7],"problem":[8],"with":[9],"many":[10],"applications":[11],"and":[12,88,154],"rapidly":[14],"becoming":[15],"an":[16],"area":[17],"of":[18,24,34,44,92],"intense":[19],"interest":[20],"in":[21,30],"research":[22],"field":[23],"machine":[25],"vision.":[26],"Nonadditive":[27],"AU":[28,45,53,70,89,95,105,116],"combinations":[29,106],"which":[31],"the":[32,35,42,101,130,144,151,159],"appearance":[33],"constituent":[36],"AUs":[37,48,87,161],"does":[38],"change":[39],"greatly":[40],"increase":[41],"difficulties":[43],"recognition.":[46],"Most":[47],"methods":[50,61],"treated":[51],"each":[52,94,110,115],"combination":[54,96],"as":[55,97],"new":[57,99],"AU.":[58],"However,":[59],"these":[60],"are":[62,66],"impractical":[63],"because":[64],"there":[65],"over":[67],"7000":[68],"different":[69],"combinations.":[71,90],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"novel":[76],"approach":[77,103,132],"based":[78,163],"on":[79,164],"fuzzy":[80],"kernel":[81],"clustering":[82],"proposed":[84,102,131,145],"to":[85,114,118,137],"recognize":[86],"Instead":[91],"treating":[93],"AU,":[100],"tackles":[104],"by":[108,122],"allowing":[109],"data":[111],"point":[112],"belongs":[113],"class":[117],"degree":[120],"specified":[121],"membership":[124],"grade.":[125],"The":[126],"experiments":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129,143],"computationally":[134],"simple,":[135],"easy":[136],"implement.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"Experimental":[140],"results":[141],"indicate":[142],"algorithm":[146],"generates":[147],"higher":[148],"accuracy":[149],"for":[150],"Cohn-Kanade":[152],"database":[153],"achieves":[155],"better":[156],"performance":[157],"than":[158],"previous":[160],"ANN.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
