{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955215835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2019.00042","title":"Practical GUI Testing of Android Applications Via Model Abstraction and Refinement","display_name":"Practical GUI Testing of Android Applications Via Model Abstraction and Refinement","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955215835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2019.00042","mag":"2955215835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2019.00042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2019.00042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024368434","display_name":"Tianxiao Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianxiao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101708632","display_name":"C. P. Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-2491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengnian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Davis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041674680","display_name":"Xiaoxing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7970-1384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039338981","display_name":"Chun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3207-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052203980","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068643894","display_name":"Yuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078231842","display_name":"Qirun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-9377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qirun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037645622","display_name":"Jian L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-7448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077610917","display_name":"Zhendong Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2970-1391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhendong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024368434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.4064,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":178,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99517111,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"269","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8382588028907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7637808322906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.654807448387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-regression-testing","display_name":"Non-regression testing","score":0.6343420147895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manual-testing","display_name":"Manual testing","score":0.6002750992774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-testing","display_name":"Model-based testing","score":0.5987272262573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface-testing","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","score":0.5554665327072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-box-testing","display_name":"White-box testing","score":0.5366916060447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-driven-testing","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","score":0.4917595684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.45057350397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.44203686714172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.43820661306381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-performance-testing","display_name":"Software performance testing","score":0.41323456168174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3808237314224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-case","display_name":"Test case","score":0.30675214529037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.2730898857116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.27228882908821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.2614200711250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2559638023376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2372032105922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.16737967729568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.11422291398048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface-design","display_name":"User interface design","score":0.09181764721870422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382588028907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7637808322906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.654807448387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86469151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Non-regression testing","level":5,"score":0.6343420147895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182122060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6752328","display_name":"Manual testing","level":5,"score":0.6002750992774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165825675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399743","display_name":"Model-based testing","level":4,"score":0.5987272262573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66153210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597182","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","level":4,"score":0.5554665327072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162443782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066228","display_name":"White-box testing","level":5,"score":0.5366916060447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169168650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675637","display_name":"Keyword-driven testing","level":5,"score":0.4917595684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.45057350397109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.44203686714172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.43820661306381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178059732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982529","display_name":"Software performance testing","level":5,"score":0.41323456168174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3808237314224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.30675214529037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2730898857116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27228882908821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.2614200711250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2559638023376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2372032105922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.16737967729568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.11422291398048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149229913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135707","display_name":"User interface design","level":3,"score":0.09181764721870422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icse.2019.00042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icse.2019.00042","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176206521","https://openalex.org/W1985206804","https://openalex.org/W1988737164","https://openalex.org/W2013856010","https://openalex.org/W2027999475","https://openalex.org/W2037452270","https://openalex.org/W2041539540","https://openalex.org/W2053372694","https://openalex.org/W2055703785","https://openalex.org/W2063535228","https://openalex.org/W2071751474","https://openalex.org/W2085050347","https://openalex.org/W2087611087","https://openalex.org/W2088749975","https://openalex.org/W2091932246","https://openalex.org/W2101324577","https://openalex.org/W2121507867","https://openalex.org/W2158395308","https://openalex.org/W2161963160","https://openalex.org/W2164170598","https://openalex.org/W2227887088","https://openalex.org/W2236850279","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2467222092","https://openalex.org/W2513201734","https://openalex.org/W2514303331","https://openalex.org/W2535143650","https://openalex.org/W2546750171","https://openalex.org/W2548210355","https://openalex.org/W2620672884","https://openalex.org/W2740719741","https://openalex.org/W2740742367","https://openalex.org/W2744253299","https://openalex.org/W2767357513","https://openalex.org/W2767668103","https://openalex.org/W2767785010","https://openalex.org/W2784669118","https://openalex.org/W2795053902","https://openalex.org/W2795227216","https://openalex.org/W2885043017","https://openalex.org/W2888728013","https://openalex.org/W3101412407","https://openalex.org/W3102181655","https://openalex.org/W3105413283","https://openalex.org/W4235761409","https://openalex.org/W6647382183","https://openalex.org/W6683354071","https://openalex.org/W6754192171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952740084","https://openalex.org/W2294821682","https://openalex.org/W2580972520","https://openalex.org/W2188910952","https://openalex.org/W2165413788","https://openalex.org/W2141763894","https://openalex.org/W3098537892","https://openalex.org/W2387258027","https://openalex.org/W2113385454","https://openalex.org/W2401293768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,56],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,24,85],"new,":[4],"fully":[5],"automated":[6],"modelbased":[7],"approach":[8,44],"for":[9],"effective":[10],"testing":[11,22,70,105,111],"of":[12,58,109,116,131,144],"Android":[13,103],"apps.":[14],"Different":[15],"from":[16,94],"existing":[17,74],"model-based":[18],"approaches":[19],"that":[20],"guide":[21],"with":[23],"static":[25],"GUI":[26,104],"model":[27,30,48,59,63],"(i.e.,":[28],"the":[29,47,51,69,95,101,114,145],"does":[31],"not":[32],"evolve":[33],"its":[34],"abstraction":[35],"during":[36,54],"testing,":[37],"and":[38,65,113,125,153],"is":[39],"thus":[40,66],"often":[41],"imprecise),":[42],"our":[43,77,82],"dynamically":[45],"optimizes":[46],"by":[49],"leveraging":[50],"runtime":[52],"information":[53],"testing.":[55],"capability":[57],"evolution":[60],"significantly":[61],"improves":[62],"precision,":[64],"dramatically":[67],"enhances":[68],"effectiveness":[71,124],"compared":[72],"to":[73],"approaches,":[75],"which":[76],"evaluation":[78,130],"confirms.We":[79],"have":[80,150,155],"realized":[81],"technique":[83],"in":[84,107],"practical":[86],"tool,":[87],"APE.":[88],"On":[89],"15":[90],"large,":[91],"widely-used":[92],"apps":[93],"Google":[96],"Play":[97],"Store,":[98],"APE":[99,132],"outperforms":[100],"state-of-the-art":[102],"tools":[106],"terms":[108],"both":[110],"coverage":[112],"number":[115],"detected":[117],"unique":[118,141],"crashes.":[119,142],"To":[120],"further":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"APE's":[123],"usability,":[126],"we":[127],"conduct":[128],"another":[129],"on":[133],"1,316":[134],"popular":[135],"apps,":[136],"where":[137],"it":[138],"found":[139],"537":[140],"Out":[143],"38":[146],"reported":[147],"crashes,":[148],"13":[149],"been":[151,156],"fixed":[152],"5":[154],"confirmed.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-01T08:36:08.643496","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
