{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402352484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457","title":"From Handcrafted Features to LLMs: A Brief Survey for Machine Translation Quality Estimation","display_name":"From Handcrafted Features to LLMs: A Brief Survey for Machine Translation Quality Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402352484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102329312","display_name":"Haofei Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haofei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northeastern University,Shool of Computer Science and Engineering,Shenyang,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northeastern University,Shool of Computer Science and Engineering,Shenyang,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100669849","display_name":"Yilun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5448-5806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006709668","display_name":"Shimin Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shimin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027448460","display_name":"Weibin Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-9016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibin Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641783","display_name":"Yimeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1656-2636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112598869","display_name":"Xiang Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-6713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University,National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology,Nanjing,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University,National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology,Nanjing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115781256","display_name":"Chang Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-2724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403018","display_name":"Min Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4185-940X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038736812","display_name":"Hao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8861-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102329312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93202227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6739060878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5903096795082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5432882905006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.513619601726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.4967880845069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4907744824886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.43289974331855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11317875981330872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6739060878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5903096795082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5432882905006409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.513619601726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4967880845069885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4907744824886322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43289974331855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11317875981330872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10650457","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1654441844","https://openalex.org/W2111856253","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2144746247","https://openalex.org/W2169939314","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250771471","https://openalex.org/W2251150371","https://openalex.org/W2251333340","https://openalex.org/W2472373455","https://openalex.org/W2508032974","https://openalex.org/W2508420432","https://openalex.org/W2512232685","https://openalex.org/W2514694861","https://openalex.org/W2600463316","https://openalex.org/W2621975677","https://openalex.org/W2757578620","https://openalex.org/W2757980860","https://openalex.org/W2759685565","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2914120296","https://openalex.org/W2953072129","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963261349","https://openalex.org/W2963824830","https://openalex.org/W2970064096","https://openalex.org/W2970156971","https://openalex.org/W2971120622","https://openalex.org/W2971148473","https://openalex.org/W2973088264","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3105214104","https://openalex.org/W3116506157","https://openalex.org/W3163874900","https://openalex.org/W4225116116","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4287644041","https://openalex.org/W4297833460","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4322760121","https://openalex.org/W4324134461","https://openalex.org/W4361200098","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385507639","https://openalex.org/W4385571211","https://openalex.org/W4385965844","https://openalex.org/W4386826295","https://openalex.org/W4387428001","https://openalex.org/W4387560609","https://openalex.org/W4389518754","https://openalex.org/W4390872682","https://openalex.org/W4393141148","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6678262379","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6681703963","https://openalex.org/W6683596764","https://openalex.org/W6684379752","https://openalex.org/W6691869463","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6753138813","https://openalex.org/W6753745868","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6759455113","https://openalex.org/W6769263558","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6784669405","https://openalex.org/W6787400436","https://openalex.org/W6789002743","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6843480115","https://openalex.org/W6850603086","https://openalex.org/W6850625674","https://openalex.org/W6855563143","https://openalex.org/W6855917929","https://openalex.org/W6857121892","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W2775554247","https://openalex.org/W2883671469","https://openalex.org/W2728761353","https://openalex.org/W2110168585","https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W2250213760","https://openalex.org/W4386247111","https://openalex.org/W4327642362","https://openalex.org/W2587014613"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Translation":[1],"Quality":[2],"Estimation":[3],"(MTQE)":[4],"is":[5,25],"the":[6,10,19,30,71,82,100,104,141,144,160,163],"task":[7],"of":[8,12,26,32,37,44,52,75,81,106,125,148,156],"estimating":[9],"quality":[11],"machine-translated":[13],"text":[14],"in":[15,166],"real":[16],"time":[17],"without":[18],"need":[20],"for":[21,29,87],"reference":[22],"translations,":[23],"which":[24],"great":[27],"importance":[28],"development":[31],"MT.":[33],"After":[34],"two":[35],"decades":[36],"evolution,":[38],"QE":[39,53,107,167],"has":[40],"yielded":[41],"a":[42,49,122,153],"wealth":[43],"results.":[45],"This":[46],"article":[47,142],"provides":[48,170],"comprehensive":[50],"overview":[51],"datasets,":[54],"annotation":[55],"methods,":[56],"shared":[57],"tasks,":[58],"methodologies,":[59],"challenges,":[60],"and":[61,73,84,94,116,133,146,151,169],"future":[62,174],"research":[63,168,175],"directions.":[64,176],"It":[65],"begins":[66],"with":[67,121],"an":[68,79,171],"introduction":[69],"to":[70],"background":[72],"significance":[74],"QE,":[76,89,91,93],"followed":[77],"by":[78],"explanation":[80],"concepts":[83],"evaluation":[85],"metrics":[86],"word-level":[88],"sentence-level":[90],"document-level":[92],"explainable":[95],"QE.":[96],"The":[97],"paper":[98,161],"categorizes":[99],"methods":[101,128],"developed":[102],"throughout":[103],"history":[105],"into":[108,129],"those":[109,134],"based":[110],"on":[111,173],"handcrafted":[112],"features,":[113],"deep":[114,126,131],"learning,":[115],"Large":[117],"Language":[118],"Models":[119],"(LLMs),":[120],"further":[123],"division":[124],"learning-based":[127],"classic":[130],"learning":[132],"incorporating":[135],"pre-trained":[136],"language":[137],"models":[138],"(LMs).":[139],"Additionally,":[140],"details":[143],"advantages":[145],"limitations":[147],"each":[149],"method":[150],"offers":[152],"straightforward":[154],"comparison":[155],"different":[157],"approaches.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"discusses":[162],"current":[164],"challenges":[165],"outlook":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-20T07:46:08.049788","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}