{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401611058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018","title":"A Comparison of the Effectiveness of ChatGPT and Co-Pilot for Generating Quality Python Code Solutions","display_name":"A Comparison of the Effectiveness of ChatGPT and Co-Pilot for Generating Quality Python Code Solutions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401611058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034879808","display_name":"Nikos Nikolaidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-7986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Nikolaidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097424015","display_name":"Karolos Flamos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karolos Flamos","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106530095","display_name":"Khanak Gulati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khanak Gulati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Groningen,Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Groningen,Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008359300","display_name":"Daniel Feitosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Feitosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Groningen,Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen,Faculty of Science and Engineering,Groningen,Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057023981","display_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5764-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apostolos Ampatzoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005131176","display_name":"Alexander Chatzigeorgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5381-8418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192756129","display_name":"University of Macedonia","ror":"https://ror.org/05fg6gr82","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Chatzigeorgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macedonia,Dept. of Applied Informatics,Thessaloniki,Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034879808"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192756129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79220779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"93","last_page":"101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9153000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.8575237989425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6835321187973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.42447373270988464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.8575237989425659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6835321187973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.42447373270988464}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/saner-c62648.2024.00018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nikolaidis, N, Flamos, K, Gulati, K, Feitosa, D, Ampatzoglou, A & Chatzigeorgiou, A 2024, A Comparison of the Effectiveness of ChatGPT and Co-Pilot for Generating Quality Python Code Solutions. in 2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C). IEEE, pp. 93-101, 31st International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, Rovaniemi, Finland, 12/03/2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER-C62648.2024.00018","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nikolaidis, N, Flamos, K, Gulati, K, Feitosa, D, Ampatzoglou, A & Chatzigeorgiou, A 2024, A Comparison of the Effectiveness of ChatGPT and Co-Pilot for Generating Quality Python Code Solutions. in 2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C). IEEE, pp. 93-101, 31st International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, Rovaniemi, Finland, 12/03/2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER-C62648.2024.00018","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/71a61522-bda9-4af2-a4fe-0883b069a07c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nikolaidis, N, Flamos, K, Gulati, K, Feitosa, D, Ampatzoglou, A & Chatzigeorgiou, A 2024, A Comparison of the Effectiveness of ChatGPT and Co-Pilot for Generating Quality Python Code Solutions. in 2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering - Companion (SANER-C). IEEE, pp. 93-101, 31st International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, Rovaniemi, Finland, 12/03/2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/SANER-C62648.2024.00018","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547621596","https://openalex.org/W4225108562","https://openalex.org/W4233152543","https://openalex.org/W4285734663","https://openalex.org/W4288057765","https://openalex.org/W4308627320","https://openalex.org/W4310556312","https://openalex.org/W4312438588","https://openalex.org/W4312763760","https://openalex.org/W4362659486","https://openalex.org/W4367672983","https://openalex.org/W4380568688","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387711873","https://openalex.org/W4388214696"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4297799326","https://openalex.org/W3116064965","https://openalex.org/W2207495067","https://openalex.org/W1906486629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3,17],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"popular":[6,91],"in":[7,27,269,299,310],"software":[8,75],"development":[9],"to":[10,20,44,71,101,119,133,144,150,218,296,322,327],"automate":[11],"tasks":[12],"and":[13,41,81,97,107,149,156,171,190,200,220,264,309,330],"improve":[14],"efficiency.":[15],"AI":[16,263],"the":[18,28,61,69,73,103,129,174,180,183,185,191,234,245,252,260,271,294],"potential":[19,70,261,295],"help":[21],"while":[22,213],"developing":[23],"or":[24],"maintaining":[25],"software,":[26],"sense":[29],"that":[30,67,198,254],"it":[31],"can":[32,131,202],"produce":[33],"solutions":[34,141,209],"out":[35],"of":[36,105,112,128,182,188,244,247,262],"a":[37,49,90,110,278],"textual":[38],"requirement":[39,51],"specification,":[40],"understand":[42],"code":[43,193,208],"provide":[45],"suggestion":[46],"on":[47,60,109,138],"how":[48],"new":[50],"could":[52],"be":[53,203,305],"implemented.":[54],"In":[55,84],"this":[56,85,160],"paper,":[57,86],"we":[58,87],"focus":[59],"first":[62],"scenario.":[63],"Two":[64],"AI-powered":[65,285],"tools":[66,205,287],"have":[68,163,293],"revolutionize":[72],"way":[74],"is":[76,237,318],"developed":[77],"are":[78,142,216,225],"OpenAI's":[79],"ChatGPT":[80,106,170,199],"GitHub's":[82],"Copilot.":[83],"used":[88,306],"LeetCode,":[89],"platform":[92],"for":[93,166,173,206,210,227,281],"technical":[94],"interview":[95],"preparation":[96],"personal":[98],"upskilling":[99],"(self-learning),":[100],"evaluate":[102],"effectiveness":[104,130],"Copilot":[108,201],"set":[111],"coding":[113,147,286,301,314],"problems,":[114],"along":[115,257],"with":[116,124,307,312],"ChatGPT's":[117,242],"ability":[118],"correct":[120],"itself":[121],"when":[122],"provided":[123],"feedback.":[125],"The":[126,195,274],"analysis":[127],"lead":[132],"various":[134],"conclusions,":[135],"such":[136],"as":[137,267],"if":[139],"these":[140],"ready":[143],"take":[145],"over":[146],"roles,":[148],"what":[151],"extent":[152],"several":[153],"parameters":[154],"(difficulty":[155],"quality":[157,229,246],"requirements)":[158],"influence":[159],"result.":[161],"Solutions":[162],"been":[164],"generated":[165],"60":[167],"problems":[168,212],"using":[169],"Copilot,":[172],"Python":[175],"programming":[176],"language.":[177],"We":[178],"investigated":[179],"performance":[181],"models,":[184],"recurrent":[186],"kinds":[187],"errors,":[189],"resulting":[192],"quality.":[194],"evaluation":[196],"revealed":[197],"effective":[204],"generating":[207],"easy":[211],"both":[214],"models":[215,276,292],"prone":[217],"syntax":[219],"semantic":[221],"errors.":[222],"Small":[223],"improvements":[224],"observed":[226],"ode":[228],"metrics":[230],"across":[231],"iterations,":[232,258],"although":[233],"improvement":[235,253],"pattern":[236],"not":[238,320],"consistently":[239],"monotonic,":[240],"questioning":[241],"awareness":[243],"its":[248],"own":[249],"solutions.":[250],"Nevertheless,":[251],"was":[255],"found":[256],"highlights":[259],"humans,":[265],"acting":[266],"partners,":[268],"providing":[270],"optimal":[272],"combination.":[273],"two":[275],"demonstrate":[277],"limited":[279],"capacity":[280],"understanding":[282],"context.":[283],"Although":[284],"driven":[288],"by":[289],"large":[290],"language":[291],"assist":[297],"developers":[298],"their":[300],"tasks,":[302],"they":[303],"should":[304],"caution":[308],"conjunction":[311],"human":[313],"expertise.":[315],"Developer":[316],"intervention":[317],"necessary":[319],"only":[321],"debug":[323],"errors":[324],"but":[325],"also":[326],"ensure":[328],"high-quality":[329],"optimized":[331],"code.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-03T08:25:01.440150","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}