{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138517425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2013.44","title":"Practical Control Flow Integrity and Randomization for Binary Executables","display_name":"Practical Control Flow Integrity and Randomization for Binary Executables","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138517425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2013.44","mag":"2138517425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2013.44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2013.44","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6547086/6547088/06547133.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6547086/6547088/06547133.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460139","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1018-4144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062578450","display_name":"Tao Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-1826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Beijing, Beijing, CN"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, Beijing, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101916439","display_name":"Zhaofeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3492-6656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaofeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108581944","display_name":"Lei Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060664067","display_name":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Szekeres","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9808-6484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Szekeres","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078041729","display_name":"Stephen McCamant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6859-9758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. McCamant","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019426968","display_name":"Dawn Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-6802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawn Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101808317","display_name":"Wei Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4307-5355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Lab of Internet Security Technology, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100460139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":85.9988,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":478,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99954092,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"559","last_page":"573"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8262614011764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.8202700614929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spec#","display_name":"Spec#","score":0.7620408535003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.6226253509521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.45651957392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4562394320964813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4443851113319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-compatibility","display_name":"Backward compatibility","score":0.4388500154018402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.32591915130615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.22144833207130432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8262614011764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.8202700614929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207566","display_name":"Spec#","level":2,"score":0.7620408535003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.6226253509521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.45651957392692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4562394320964813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4443851113319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.4388500154018402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32591915130615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.22144833207130432}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2013.44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2013.44","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6547086/6547088/06547133.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.467.7742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.7742","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~dawnsong/papers/Oakland2013-CCFIR-CR.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.686.3862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.686.3862","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ieee-security.org/TC/SP2013/papers/4977a559.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/sp.2013.44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/sp.2013.44","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6547086/6547088/06547133.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1161025673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1003217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2641350279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61003216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2710018188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000140911081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2951516653","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CT-T: Towards Behavior-Based Malware Detection","funder_award_id":"0842695","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2962560056","display_name":"JGOFS/SMP: Modeling Microbial Processes and Dissolved Organic Matter: A Case Study of the U.S. JGOFS Time Series Station ALOHA","funder_award_id":"0001407","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3772849699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-09-1-053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4136179251","display_name":"Innovative Signal Analysis Techinques for Health Monitoring Systems and Sensing Materials","funder_award_id":"0140710","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4859090984","display_name":"CT-T:   Proactive Techniques for Preserving System Integrity:   A Basis for Robust Defense Against Malware","funder_award_id":"0831298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G505378490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-09-1-0539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5078892146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0424422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5468382511","display_name":"Low-valent Chromium - Molecules, Reactivity and Catalysis","funder_award_id":"0911081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5909444678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-0831298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6098521345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6104336868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0424422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7282434394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-09-1-0539","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7325467095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"831501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7532431997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-09-1-053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G75433812","display_name":"CT-L:   Collaborative Research:   Comprehensive Application Analysis and Control","funder_award_id":"0831501","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8062155279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000140710928","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326446","display_name":"National Development and Reform Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/017a59b72"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138517425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138517425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1112477","https://openalex.org/W295549932","https://openalex.org/W1495630617","https://openalex.org/W1515653707","https://openalex.org/W1537077670","https://openalex.org/W1542906860","https://openalex.org/W1545927878","https://openalex.org/W1563300346","https://openalex.org/W1748464847","https://openalex.org/W1941166084","https://openalex.org/W1982778414","https://openalex.org/W1982829328","https://openalex.org/W1989060313","https://openalex.org/W1996931407","https://openalex.org/W2009801020","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2074943483","https://openalex.org/W2079029390","https://openalex.org/W2081768685","https://openalex.org/W2088383546","https://openalex.org/W2090181646","https://openalex.org/W2099382052","https://openalex.org/W2102039064","https://openalex.org/W2105842205","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2117703831","https://openalex.org/W2121218648","https://openalex.org/W2121579803","https://openalex.org/W2122757982","https://openalex.org/W2132806808","https://openalex.org/W2133592286","https://openalex.org/W2148686658","https://openalex.org/W2149918819","https://openalex.org/W2155851497","https://openalex.org/W2160401437","https://openalex.org/W2162800072","https://openalex.org/W2166571196","https://openalex.org/W2168843528","https://openalex.org/W2171143790","https://openalex.org/W2171929398","https://openalex.org/W2397986719","https://openalex.org/W2912512435","https://openalex.org/W2992077216","https://openalex.org/W3146301262","https://openalex.org/W6600040955","https://openalex.org/W6629740654","https://openalex.org/W6630861182","https://openalex.org/W6632150593","https://openalex.org/W6632329290","https://openalex.org/W6633875382","https://openalex.org/W6640794514","https://openalex.org/W6671147960","https://openalex.org/W6676126365","https://openalex.org/W6682091879","https://openalex.org/W6684640794","https://openalex.org/W6685102819","https://openalex.org/W6712915683","https://openalex.org/W6758509235","https://openalex.org/W6770886153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W878150521","https://openalex.org/W2008941207","https://openalex.org/W2359835790","https://openalex.org/W2391715591","https://openalex.org/W2122403474","https://openalex.org/W2171750108","https://openalex.org/W2298968419","https://openalex.org/W1491094004","https://openalex.org/W1754116331","https://openalex.org/W2150815772"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Control":[0,33],"Flow":[1,34],"Integrity":[2,35],"(CFI)":[3],"provides":[4],"a":[5,23,58,63,85],"strong":[6],"protection":[7,28],"against":[8],"modern":[9],"control-flow":[10,112],"hijacking":[11,113],"attacks.":[12],"However,":[13],"performance":[14,192],"and":[15,26,36,66,89,94,117,154,173,185,189,213],"compatibility":[16],"issues":[17],"limit":[18],"its":[19],"adoption.":[20,45],"We":[21,127,164],"propose":[22],"new":[24],"practical":[25],"realistic":[27],"method":[29],"called":[30],"CCFIR":[31,46,82,109,146,178],"(Compact":[32],"Randomization),":[37],"which":[38,145],"addresses":[39],"the":[40,77,131,174],"main":[41],"barriers":[42],"to":[43,71,74,149],"CFI":[44],"collects":[47],"all":[48,125,151],"legal":[49,152],"targets":[50,156],"of":[51,134,194,209],"indirect":[52,69],"control-transfer":[53],"instructions,":[54],"puts":[55],"them":[56],"into":[57],"dedicated":[59],"\"Springboard":[60],"section\"":[61],"in":[62,142],"random":[64],"order,":[65],"then":[67],"limits":[68],"transfers":[70],"flow":[72],"only":[73],"them.":[75],"Using":[76],"Springboard":[78],"section":[79],"for":[80,97],"targets,":[81],"can":[83,110,147],"validate":[84],"target":[86],"more":[87],"simply":[88],"faster":[90],"than":[91],"traditional":[92],"CFI,":[93],"provide":[95],"support":[96],"on-site":[98],"target-randomization":[99],"as":[100,102,183],"well":[101],"better":[103],"compatibility.":[104],"Based":[105],"on":[106,169,201],"these":[107],"approaches,":[108],"stop":[111],"attacks":[114],"including":[115],"ROP":[116,122],"return-into-libc.":[118],"Results":[119],"show":[120,205],"that":[121,129,206],"gadgets":[123],"are":[124,216],"eliminated.":[126],"observe":[128],"with":[130],"wide":[132],"deployment":[133],"ASLR,":[135],"Windows/x86":[136],"PE":[137],"executables":[138],"contain":[139],"enough":[140],"information":[141],"relocation":[143],"tables":[144],"use":[148],"find":[150],"instructions":[153],"jump":[155],"reliably,":[157],"without":[158],"source":[159],"code":[160],"or":[161],"symbol":[162],"information.":[163],"evaluate":[165],"our":[166],"prototype":[167],"implementation":[168],"common":[170],"web":[171],"browsers":[172],"SPEC":[175],"CPU2000":[176],"suite:":[177],"protects":[179],"large":[180],"applications":[181,215],"such":[182],"GCC":[184],"Firefox":[186,211],"completely":[187],"automatically,":[188],"has":[190],"low":[191],"overhead":[193],"about":[195],"3.6%/8.6%":[196],"(average/max)":[197],"using":[198],"SPECint2000.":[199],"Experiments":[200],"real-world":[202],"exploits":[203],"also":[204],"CCFIR-hardened":[207],"versions":[208],"IE6,":[210],"3.6":[212],"other":[214],"protected":[217],"effectively.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
