{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415368090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909","title":"Modeling Mixed Traffic Flow of Human, Connected, Autonomous, and Connected-Autonomous Vehicles in a Freeway Merging Area","display_name":"Modeling Mixed Traffic Flow of Human, Connected, Autonomous, and Connected-Autonomous Vehicles in a Freeway Merging Area","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415368090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuhang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5636-6540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5636-6540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784392","display_name":"Haipeng Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-1982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2345-1982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047262934","display_name":"Ziyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066064211","display_name":"Shuaiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-0651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022683711","display_name":"Ximing Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, Shannxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36450011,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"4","first_page":"5566","last_page":"5579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-simulation","display_name":"Traffic simulation","score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-area","display_name":"Control area","score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.3057999908924103}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5358999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778391309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832527","display_name":"Traffic simulation","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191373421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3931948","display_name":"Control area","level":3,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993265231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16863864","display_name":"Penetration rate","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80107235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162625","display_name":"Penetration (warfare)","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186766456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612457","display_name":"Flow control (data)","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Freeway":[0],"merging":[1,19,40,102,130,161,173,216,225,236,244],"areas":[2,41],"are":[3,62,79,113,137],"frequent":[4],"sources":[5],"of":[6,27,45,71,93,110,157,179,198,214,223,234,242],"traffic":[7,36,98,148,200],"bottlenecks,":[8],"but":[9],"connected":[10,50,57,76,135],"and":[11,21,56,75,85,129,150,160,190,230,251,256],"autonomous":[12,53,58,72],"technologies":[13],"may":[14],"offer":[15],"solutions":[16],"for":[17,39],"optimizing":[18],"operations":[20],"reducing":[22],"impediments":[23],"to":[24,65,81,88,115,144],"the":[25,66,69,86,90,97,101,107,111,117,134,146,155,195,212,220,224,232,240,243,257],"flow":[26,37,99,149,201],"traffic.":[28],"In":[29,122],"this":[30],"study,":[31],"we":[32],"develop":[33],"a":[34,215,235],"mixed":[35,147,199],"model":[38,145],"with":[42,203,227,261],"four":[43],"types":[44,95],"vehicles:":[46],"human-driven":[47],"vehicles":[48,51,54,59,112],"(HVs),":[49],"(CVs),":[52],"(AVs),":[55],"(CAVs).":[60],"There":[61],"two":[63,124],"parts":[64],"model.":[67],"First,":[68],"concepts":[70],"penetration":[73,77],"(Pa)":[74],"(Pc)":[78],"introduced":[80],"characterize":[82],"vehicle":[83,94],"demands,":[84],"extent":[87],"which":[89],"different":[91],"proportions":[92],"impact":[96],"in":[100],"area":[103,174,226,245],"is":[104],"examined.":[105],"Second,":[106],"driving":[108],"behaviors":[109],"modeled":[114],"capture":[116],"various":[118],"distinctions":[119],"between":[120],"them.":[121],"addition,":[123],"critical":[125],"features,":[126],"CAV":[127],"degradation":[128],"control":[131,162,217,237],"strategies":[132],"under":[133],"environment,":[136],"incorporated.":[138],"The":[139,164],"SUMO":[140],"platform":[141],"was":[142],"utilized":[143],"conduct":[151],"simulation":[152],"experiments":[153],"on":[154],"impacts":[156],"Pa,":[158],"Pc":[159],"strategies.":[163],"results":[165],"show":[166],"that":[167],"(1)":[168],"increasing":[169,204,228],"Pa":[170],"consistently":[171],"enhances":[172,239],"performance":[175,197,222,241],"at":[176],"any":[177],"level":[178],"Pc,":[180],"especially":[181],"when":[182,185,207,246],"Pc=1;":[183],"(2)":[184],"Pa$\\geq$0.7":[189],"Pc$\\leq$0.7,":[194],"operational":[196,221],"decrease":[202],"Pc;":[205,229],"(3)":[206],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\leq$0.2,":[211],"implementation":[213],"strategy":[218,238],"reduces":[219],"(4)":[231],"utilization":[233],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\geq$0.3":[250],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\geq$0.8,":[255],"enhancement":[258],"increases":[259],"significantly":[260],"Pa.":[262]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}