{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383956134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607533","title":"Survey on Activation Functions for Optical Neural Networks","display_name":"Survey on Activation Functions for Optical Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383956134","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3607533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607533","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3607533","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3607533","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002475946","display_name":"Oc\u00e9ane Destras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-336X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oceane Destras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-336X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071008313","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Le Beux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1778-0253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00e9bastien Le Beux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia university, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1778-0253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia university, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055509031","display_name":"Felipe G\u00f6hring de Magalh\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe Gohring De Magalh\u00e3es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022527556","display_name":"Gabriela Nicolescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriela Nicolescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-9931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ecole polytechnique de Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002475946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96156237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.791224479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-function","display_name":"Activation function","score":0.7142965197563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7020217776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.6055434942245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5893194079399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5830311179161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3837980628013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3052184283733368}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.791224479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38365724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677469","display_name":"Activation function","level":3,"score":0.7142965197563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7020217776298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.6055434942245483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5893194079399109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5830311179161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3837980628013611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3052184283733368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3607533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607533","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3607533","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:56690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/56690/1/2024_Destras_Survey_Activation_Functions_Optical_Neural.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3607533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3607533","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3607533","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383956134.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383956134.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391985582","https://openalex.org/W1480485976","https://openalex.org/W1968987656","https://openalex.org/W1978718464","https://openalex.org/W2036451492","https://openalex.org/W2036594235","https://openalex.org/W2039517497","https://openalex.org/W2065246571","https://openalex.org/W2086251879","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2115224743","https://openalex.org/W2126273023","https://openalex.org/W2132424367","https://openalex.org/W2150961655","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2727768036","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2769454919","https://openalex.org/W2772045345","https://openalex.org/W2793714280","https://openalex.org/W2799435447","https://openalex.org/W2886937789","https://openalex.org/W2888547961","https://openalex.org/W2900709571","https://openalex.org/W2904694042","https://openalex.org/W2906829733","https://openalex.org/W2914143214","https://openalex.org/W2914168598","https://openalex.org/W2921972904","https://openalex.org/W2923894441","https://openalex.org/W2936103618","https://openalex.org/W2944578243","https://openalex.org/W2962730419","https://openalex.org/W2964082513","https://openalex.org/W2970080722","https://openalex.org/W2982263526","https://openalex.org/W2992359756","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3010363864","https://openalex.org/W3010463850","https://openalex.org/W3017318748","https://openalex.org/W3023212902","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W3024767313","https://openalex.org/W3037674789","https://openalex.org/W3045563283","https://openalex.org/W3045731019","https://openalex.org/W3048785337","https://openalex.org/W3098622544","https://openalex.org/W3100722816","https://openalex.org/W3102122242","https://openalex.org/W3103046660","https://openalex.org/W3105428834","https://openalex.org/W3126887464","https://openalex.org/W3135320274","https://openalex.org/W3158698022","https://openalex.org/W3170977978","https://openalex.org/W3174630792","https://openalex.org/W3186490129","https://openalex.org/W3201489801","https://openalex.org/W4210388757","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4225289749","https://openalex.org/W4226408722","https://openalex.org/W4232050619","https://openalex.org/W4250961995","https://openalex.org/W4281845262","https://openalex.org/W4306780398","https://openalex.org/W4306902080","https://openalex.org/W4313837456","https://openalex.org/W4361793154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3110577345","https://openalex.org/W2946235959","https://openalex.org/W2902935192","https://openalex.org/W3134817226","https://openalex.org/W3198895633","https://openalex.org/W3215912596","https://openalex.org/W4318066384","https://openalex.org/W3034021666","https://openalex.org/W2898900925","https://openalex.org/W3170224572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"photonics":[1,24],"arises":[2],"as":[3],"a":[4,73,79],"fast":[5],"and":[6,96,107,123],"energy-efficient":[7],"technology":[8],"for":[9,127,142],"the":[10,19,61,64,68,113,131,143],"implementation":[11,86,144],"of":[12,32,53,67,76,87,133,145],"artificial":[13],"neural":[14,42,135,148],"networks":[15,43],"(ANNs).":[16],"Indeed,":[17],"with":[18,119],"growing":[20],"interest":[21],"in":[22,63,112,130],"ANNs,":[23,77],"shows":[25],"great":[26],"promise":[27],"to":[28],"overcome":[29],"current":[30],"limitations":[31],"electronic-based":[33],"implementation.":[34],"For":[35],"example,":[36],"it":[37],"has":[38],"been":[39],"shown":[40],"that":[41],"integrating":[44],"optical":[45,65,85,147],"matrix":[46],"multiplications":[47],"can":[48],"potentially":[49],"run":[50],"two":[51],"orders":[52],"magnitude":[54],"faster":[55],"than":[56],"their":[57,120,128],"electronic":[58],"counterparts.":[59],"However,":[60],"transposition":[62],"domain":[66],"activation":[69,89,109,117],"functions,":[70],"which":[71],"is":[72,82],"key":[74,121],"feature":[75],"remains":[78],"challenge.":[80],"There":[81],"no":[83],"direct":[84],"state-of-the-art":[88],"functions.":[90],"Currently,":[91],"most":[92],"designs":[93],"require":[94],"time-consuming":[95],"power-hungry":[97],"electro-optical":[98],"conversions.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"survey,":[102],"we":[103,124],"review":[104],"both":[105],"all-optical":[106,134],"opto-electronic":[108],"functions":[110,118],"proposed":[111],"state-of-the-art.":[114],"We":[115,137],"present":[116],"characteristics,":[122],"summarize":[125],"challenges":[126],"use":[129],"context":[132],"networks.":[136,149],"then":[138],"highlight":[139],"research":[140],"directions":[141],"fully":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
