{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409328504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3622781.3674169","title":"Salus: A Practical Trusted Execution Environment for CPU-FPGA Heterogeneous Cloud Platforms","display_name":"Salus: A Practical Trusted Execution Environment for CPU-FPGA Heterogeneous Cloud Platforms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409328504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3622781.3674169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3622781.3674169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3622781.3674169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 4","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090610227","display_name":"Yu Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-6638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4541-6638","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yiran Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2378-6284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2378-6284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100616201","display_name":"Sheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1582-3316"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1582-3316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072380004","display_name":"Le Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9631-152X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103152639","display_name":"Zhen Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7067-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","Hupan Lab, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7067-492X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hupan Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100576340","display_name":"Yanheng Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanheng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China","Hupan Lab, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4024-6125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hupan Lab, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103066408","display_name":"Yijin Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijin Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","Hupan Lab, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8854-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hupan Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068606980","display_name":"Dimin Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8440-3875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095624","display_name":"Alibaba Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rn0m335","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624","https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimin Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Sunnyvale, United States","Hupan Lab, Sunnyvale, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8440-3875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095624"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hupan Lab, Sunnyvale, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026297396","display_name":"Mingyu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-7281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122302","display_name":"ShangHai JiAi Genetics & IVF Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgbry52","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai AI Laboratory, Beijing, China","Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Beijing, China","Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-7281","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122302"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385336","display_name":"Yuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-1788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","Hupan Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-1788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hupan Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450470","display_name":"Feifei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0770-5775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0770-5775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090610227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9934,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81888268,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"252","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7816102504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7649557590484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6242678165435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.6076270341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.44835102558135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38248738646507263}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7816102504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7649557590484619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6242678165435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.6076270341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44835102558135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38248738646507263}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3622781.3674169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3622781.3674169","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 4","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-158698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-158698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W194328296","https://openalex.org/W2047925852","https://openalex.org/W2322411027","https://openalex.org/W2585080403","https://openalex.org/W2717686215","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2886636392","https://openalex.org/W2891839221","https://openalex.org/W2930957133","https://openalex.org/W2931686692","https://openalex.org/W2974376487","https://openalex.org/W3001001866","https://openalex.org/W3015584356","https://openalex.org/W3046379685","https://openalex.org/W3105175523","https://openalex.org/W3148171432","https://openalex.org/W3213416239","https://openalex.org/W4213361228","https://openalex.org/W4214482727","https://openalex.org/W4251309856","https://openalex.org/W4287684852","https://openalex.org/W4308083853","https://openalex.org/W4367313299","https://openalex.org/W4378191890","https://openalex.org/W4387005270","https://openalex.org/W4387917860","https://openalex.org/W6712237015","https://openalex.org/W6755958147","https://openalex.org/W6775327868","https://openalex.org/W6858053964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W1997222214","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CPU-FPGA":[0],"heterogeneous":[1],"architectures":[2,23],"have":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"popular":[6],"in":[7,46,111],"cloud":[8,53],"environments":[9],"for":[10,38,127],"accelerating":[11],"compute-intensive":[12],"tasks.":[13],"Ensuring":[14],"the":[15,25,36,43,57,85,98,102],"protection":[16],"of":[17,27,59],"sensitive":[18],"data":[19],"processed":[20],"by":[21,79],"these":[22,72],"requires":[24],"presence":[26],"a":[28,88,112,117,124],"trusted":[29],"execution":[30],"environment":[31],"(TEE).":[32],"This":[33,91],"work":[34],"highlights":[35],"requirements":[37],"designing":[39],"an":[40,76,81,128],"FPGA":[41,54,67,103,108,120,129],"TEE,":[42,130],"challenges":[44],"faced":[45],"deploying":[47],"existing":[48],"solutions":[49],"on":[50,65,84,101],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[51],"(COTS)":[52],"services,":[55],"and":[56,96,115],"limitations":[58],"previous":[60],"works":[61],"that":[62],"primarily":[63],"focus":[64],"standalone":[66],"TEEs.":[68],"In":[69],"response":[70],"to":[71,94],"challenges,":[73],"Salus":[74,122],"introduces":[75],"innovative":[77],"approach":[78,92],"leveraging":[80],"enclave":[82],"running":[83],"host":[86],"with":[87,131],"TEE-enabled":[89],"CPU.":[90],"aims":[93],"protect":[95],"attest":[97],"bitstream":[99,109],"loaded":[100],"side.":[104],"By":[105],"repurposing":[106],"COTS":[107],"utilities":[110],"novel":[113],"manner":[114],"adopting":[116],"proposed":[118],"security-enhanced":[119],"IP,":[121],"presents":[123],"practical":[125],"design":[126],"minor":[132],"efforts":[133],"required.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
